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Caliphate
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=== Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1261–1517) === {{Main|Mamluk Sultanate}} In 1261, following the [[Mongol conquest of Baghdad]], the Mamluk rulers of Egypt tried to gain legitimacy for their rule by declaring the re-establishment of the Abbasid caliphate in [[Cairo]].{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} The Abbasid caliphs in Egypt had no political power; they continued to maintain the symbols of authority, but their sway was confined to religious matters.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} The first Abbasid caliph of Cairo was [[Al-Mustansir II|Al-Mustansir]] (r. June–November 1261). The Abbasid caliphate of Cairo lasted until the time of [[Al-Mutawakkil III]], who ruled as caliph from 1508 to 1516, then he was deposed briefly in 1516 by his predecessor [[Al-Mustamsik]], but was restored again to the caliphate in 1517.{{Citation needed|date= January 2018}} The Ottoman sultan [[Selim I]] defeated the Mamluk Sultanate and made Egypt part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517. Al-Mutawakkil III was captured together with his family and transported to Constantinople as a prisoner where he had a ceremonial role. He died in 1543, following his return to Cairo.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Hugh N. |author-link=Hugh N. Kennedy |title=The Historiography of Islamic Egypt: (c. 950–1800) |year=2001 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004117945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-iu6u8GkvkC}}</ref>
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