Editing Calutron (section)

=== United Kingdom ===
In 1945, the [[Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom|British atomic bomb project]] built a 180° calutron, similar in design to an American Beta calutron, at the [[Atomic Energy Research Establishment]] at [[Harwell, Oxfordshire]]. Owing to the success of the gaseous diffusion plant at [[Capenhurst]], electromagnetic separation was not pursued by the United Kingdom, and the calutron was used to separate isotopes for research. The 180° design was not ideal for this purpose, so Harwell built a 90° calutron, HERMES, the "Heavy Elements and Radioactive Material Electromagnetic Separator".<ref>{{cite AV media| url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ox5yyufGFZo| title= Latest from Harwell: Introducing Hermes, the new heavy element and radioactive material electro-magnetic separator|date=4 February 1957 |publisher=British Movietone |access-date=8 November 2015}}</ref> It was inspired by France's SIDONIE and PARIS separators at the Laboratoire René Bernas of the [[University of Paris|University of Paris IX]] in [[Orsay]], and PARSIFAL at the military research laboratory of the [[Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives]] in [[Bruyères-le-Châtel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Progress report on separators Sidonie and Paris|journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods|date = 15 December 1976 |pages = 101–104|volume = 139|doi = 10.1016/0029-554X(76)90662-5|first1 = Robert|last1 = Meunier|first2 = Jean|last2 = Camplan|first3 = Jean-Luc|last3 = Bonneval|first4 = Jean-Louis|last4 = Daban-Haurou|first5 = Dominique|last5 = Deboffle|first6 = Didier|last6 = Leclercq|first7 = Marguerite|last7 = Ligonniere|first8 = Guy|last8 = Moroy|bibcode = 1976NucIM.139..101M}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title = Parsifal, an isotope separator for radiochemical applications|journal = Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research|date = 1 July 1981 |pages = 105–114|volume = 186|issue = 1–2|doi = 10.1016/0029-554X(81)90894-6|first1 = J.|last1 = Césario|first2 = A.|last2 = Juéry|first3 = J.|last3 = Camplan|first4 = R.|last4 = Meunier|first5 = B.|last5 = Rosenbaum|bibcode = 1981NIMPR.186..105C}}</ref>