Editing Causative (section)

===Periphrastic constructions===
Some languages use a periphrastic (or analytic) construction to express causation and typically include two verbs and two clauses. English causatives prototypically use ''make'' (but other verbs such as ''cause'', ''order'', ''allow'', ''force'', ''compel'' can be used) in the main clause with the lexical verb in a [[subordinate clause]], as in "I made him go."<ref name=Dixon />{{rp|35–7}}

Other languages, such as [[Persian language|Persian]],{{refn|Mahootian, S. (1997). ''Persian''. London: Routledge. Cited in Dixon (2000)<ref name=Dixon />{{rp|36}}}} have the opposite syntax: the causative is in a subordinating clause and the main verb is in the main clause, as in the following example from [[Macushi language|Macushi]]:

{{interlinear|indent=3
| [imakui'pî kupî Jesus-ya] emapu'tî yonpa-'pî makui-ya teuren
| bad do Jesus-ERG CAUS try-PAST Satan-ERG {{gcl|FRUSTRATION|small-caps=yes}}
| "Satan unsuccessfully tried to make Jesus do bad."{{refn|Abbot, M. (1991). "Macushi" pp. 40 in Derbyshire & Pullum (1991){{refn| name=DerbyshirePullum |Derbyshire, D. C. & Pullum, G. K., eds. (1986). ''Handbook of Amazonian languages'' Vol 1. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Cited in Dixon (2000)<ref name=Dixon />{{rp|36}}}}}}
}}

[[Timbira language|Canela-Krahô]] has a combination of the two in which the causee is marked twice, once in each clause:

{{interlinear|indent=3
| Capi te ['''i'''-jōt na] '''i'''-to
| Capi PAST '''1SG.S'''-sleep SUBORD '''1SG.O'''-CAUS
| "Capi made '''me''' sleep."{{refn|Popjes, J. & Popjes, J. (1986). "Canela-Kraho". p. 143 in Derbyshire & Pullum (1986)<ref name=DerbyshirePullum/>}}
}}

Portuguese also has a periphrastic construction like that of English but unlike most other Romance languages:

{{interlinear|indent=3
| Eu fiz José comer os bolos
| 1SG make+PAST+1SG José eat+INF the cakes
| "I made José eat the cakes."{{refn|Aissen, J. (1974). "Verb raising," ''Linguistic Inquiry'' 5.325–66. Cited in Dixon (2000)<ref name=Dixon />{{rp|37}}}}
}}

Analytic causatives are sometimes not considered to be valency increasing devices, but they can semantically be interpreted as such{{refn|name=Payne}}.{{rp|181}}