Editing Christian Science (section)

== Church of Christ, Scientist ==
=== Governance ===
{{further|Christian Science Center|Category:Christian Science churches|List of former Christian Science churches, societies and buildings}}
[[File:USA 09562 Boston Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|left|alt=buildings around a reflecting pool|[[The First Church of Christ, Scientist]], Boston]]

In the [[hierarchy]] of the [[Church of Christ, Scientist]], only the Mother Church in Boston, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, uses the [[definite article]] in its name. Otherwise the first Christian Science church in any city is called First Church of Christ, Scientist, then Second Church of Christ, Scientist, and so on, followed by the name of the city (for example, [[:File:Third Church of Christ, Scientist, Curzon Street - geograph.org.uk - 262248.jpg|Third Church of Christ, Scientist, London]]). When a church closes, the others in that city are not renamed.{{sfn|Stark|1998|p=193}}

Founded in April 1879, the Church of Christ, Scientist is led by a president and five-person board of directors. There is a public-relations department, known as the Committee on Publication, with representatives around the world; this was set up by Eddy in 1898 to protect her own and the church's reputation.<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/list-of-church-officers "List of Church Officers"] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140322052632/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/list-of-church-officers |date=2014-03-22 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church''; Gottschalk 1973, p. 190; [https://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/xsci/suffer.htm Fraser (''Atlantic'') 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211020551/http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/flashbks/xsci/suffer.htm |date=2017-02-11 }}.</ref> The church was accused in the 1990s of silencing internal criticism by firing staff, delisting practitioners and excommunicating members.<ref>Steve Stecklow, [http://articles.philly.com/1991-10-14/news/25813897_1_church-employees-church-records-christian-science-church/ "Church's Media Moves At Issue A Burgeoning Network Sparks Dissent"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114145433/http://articles.philly.com/1991-10-14/news/25813897_1_church-employees-church-records-christian-science-church |date=2013-01-14 }}, ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', October 14, 1991;{{Failed verification|date=March 2021}} {{harvnb|Fraser|1999|pp=373–374}}{{better source needed|date=March 2021}}</ref>

The church's administration is headquartered on [[Christian Science Center]] on the corner of [[Massachusetts Avenue (metropolitan Boston)|Massachusetts Avenue]] and [[Huntington Avenue]],  located on several acres in the Back Bay section of Boston.<ref>[http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Christian%20Science%20Center%20Complex%20Study%20Report,%20as%20amended_tcm3-17697.pdf Boston Landmarks Commission 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204327/http://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/Christian%20Science%20Center%20Complex%20Study%20Report%2C%20as%20amended_tcm3-17697.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}, p. 1.</ref> The 14.5-acre site includes the Mother Church (1894), Mother Church Extension (1906), the [[Christian Science Publishing Society]] building (1934)—which houses the [[Mary Baker Eddy Library]] and the church's administrative staff—the Sunday School building (1971), and the Church Colonnade building (1972).<ref>[http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Christian%20Science%20Center%20Complex%20Study%20Report,%20as%20amended_tcm3-17697.pdf Boston Landmarks Commission 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204327/http://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/Christian%20Science%20Center%20Complex%20Study%20Report%2C%20as%20amended_tcm3-17697.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}, pp.&nbsp;5–6.</ref> It also includes the 26-story Administration Building (1972), designed by [[Araldo Cossutta]] of [[Pei Cobb Freed & Partners|I. M. Pei & Associates]], which until 2008 housed the administrative staff from the church's 15 departments. There is also a children's fountain and a {{convert|690|x|100|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[reflecting pool]].<ref name=BostonRedevelopment>[http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/planning-initiatives/christian-science-plaza-revitalization-project "Christian Science Plaza Revitalization Project Citizen Advisory Committee (CAC)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701095557/http://www.bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/planning/planning-initiatives/christian-science-plaza-revitalization-project |date=2015-07-01 }}, Boston Redevelopment Authority.</ref><ref>[http://www.cityofboston.gov/images_documents/Christian%20Science%20Center%20Complex%20Study%20Report,%20as%20amended_tcm3-17697.pdf Boston Landmarks Commission 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204327/http://www.cityofboston.gov/Images_Documents/Christian%20Science%20Center%20Complex%20Study%20Report%2C%20as%20amended_tcm3-17697.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }}, p. 18.</ref>

=== ''Manual of The Mother Church'' ===
[[File:Manual of the Mother Church (Christian Science).jpg|thumb|alt=several red hard cover books in a pile|Eddy's ''[[Manual of The Mother Church]]'', 89th edition<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church ''Manual of the Mother Church''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819110331/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church |date=2013-08-19 }}, 89th edition.</ref>]]

Eddy's ''[[Manual of The Mother Church]]'' (first published 1895) lists the church's [[by-law]]s.<ref>Gottshalk 1973, p.&nbsp;[https://archive.org/details/emergenceofchris00step/page/183 183].</ref> Requirements for members include daily prayer and daily study of the Bible and ''Science and Health''.{{refn|group=n|Members are expected to pray each day: "Thy kingdom come; let the reign of divine Truth, Life, and Love be established in me, and rule out of me all sin; and may Thy Word enrich the affections of all mankind, and govern them!"<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline "Discipline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134929/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline |date=2013-07-24 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Article VIII, Section&nbsp;4; for more about prayer, Gottschalk 1973, pp.&nbsp;[https://archive.org/details/emergenceofchris00step/page/239 239–240].</ref>}} Members must subscribe to church periodicals if they can afford to, and pay an annual tax to the church of not less than one dollar.<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline "Discipline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134929/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline |date=2013-07-24 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Article VIII, Sections&nbsp;13,&nbsp;14.</ref>

Prohibitions include engaging in mental malpractice; visiting a store that sells "obnoxious" books; joining other churches; publishing articles that are uncharitable toward religion, medicine, the courts or the law; and publishing the number of church members.<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline "Discipline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134929/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline |date=2013-07-24 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Article VIII, Sections&nbsp;8, 12, 17, 26, 28.</ref> The manual also prohibits engaging in public debate about Christian Science without board approval,<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline "Discipline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134929/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline |date=2013-07-24 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Article X, Section&nbsp;1.</ref> and learning hypnotism.<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline "Discipline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134929/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline |date=2013-07-24 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Article XI, Section&nbsp;9.</ref> It includes "The Golden Rule": "A member of The Mother Church shall not haunt Mrs. Eddy's drive when she goes out, continually stroll by her house, or make a summer resort near her for such a purpose."<ref>Eddy, [http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline "Discipline"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724134929/http://christianscience.com/read-online/manual-of-the-mother-church/discipline |date=2013-07-24 }}, ''Manual of the Mother Church'', Article VIII, Section&nbsp;27.</ref>

=== Services ===
{{further|Reader (Christian Science Church)}}
The Church of Christ, Scientist is a [[Laity|lay church]] which has no ordained clergy or rituals, and performs no baptisms; with clergy of other faiths often performing marriage or funeral services since they have no clergy of their own. Its main religious texts are the [[Bible]] and ''Science and Health''. Each church has two [[Reader (Christian Science Church)|Readers]], who read aloud a "Bible lesson" or "lesson sermon" made up of selections from those texts during the Sunday service, and a shorter set of readings to open Wednesday evening testimony meetings. In addition to readings, members offer testimonials during the main portion of the Wednesday meetings, including recovery from ill health attributed to prayer. There are also [[Christian Science Hymnal|hymns]], time for silent prayer, and repeating together the [[Lord's Prayer]] at each service.<ref>[[Stuart M. Matlins]]; Arthur J. Magida, ''How to Be a Perfect Stranger: The Essential Religious Etiquette Handbook'', Skylight Paths Publishing, 2003 (pp. 70–76){{pb}}Dell de Chant, "World Religions made in the U.S.A.: Metaphysical Communities&nbsp;– Christian Science and Theosophy," in Jacob Neusner (ed.), ''World Religions in America'', Westminster John Knox Press, 2009 (pp. 251–270), p.&nbsp;257.{{pb}}
[http://christianscience.com/church-of-christ-scientist/the-mother-church-in-boston-ma-usa/sunday-church-services-and-wednesday-testimony-meetings "Sunday church services and Wednesday testimony meetings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209013344/http://christianscience.com/church-of-christ-scientist/the-mother-church-in-boston-ma-usa/sunday-church-services-and-wednesday-testimony-meetings |date=2014-02-09 }}, and [https://www.christianscience.com/publications-and-activities/online-services-and-events/online-wednesday-testimony-meeting "Online Wednesday meetings"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613022159/https://www.christianscience.com/publications-and-activities/online-services-and-events/online-wednesday-testimony-meeting |date=2020-06-13 }}, First Church of Christ, Scientist.</ref>

=== Notable members ===
{{Main|List of Christian Scientists (religious denomination)}}
<!--PLEASE ADD FURTHER NAMES, WITH SOURCES, TO List of Christian Scientists (religious denomination), NOT HERE. MANY THANKS.-->
Notable adherents of Christian Science have included [[Director of Central Intelligence|Directors of Central Intelligence]] [[William H. Webster]] and Admiral [[Stansfield M. Turner]]; and Richard Nixon's chief of staff [[H. R. Haldeman]] and Chief Domestic Advisor [[John Ehrlichman]].<ref>{{harvnb|Margolick|1990|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Fuller|2011|p=48}}; [https://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/xsci/suffer.htm Fraser (''Atlantic'') 1995] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103233911/http://www.theatlantic.com/unbound/flashbks/xsci/suffer.htm |date=2010-01-03 }}.</ref> The viscounts [[Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor|Waldorf]] and [[Nancy Astor]], the latter of whom was the first female member of British Parliament, were both Christian Scientists;<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1999|p=186}}; {{harvnb|Fort|2013}}</ref> as were two other early women in Parliament, [[Thelma Cazalet-Keir]] and [[Margaret Wintringham]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Women of History: Thelma Cazalet-Keir |url=https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/women-of-history-thelma-cazalet-keir/ |website=Mary Baker Eddy Library |date=22 October 2015}}</ref> Thelma's brother [[Victor Cazalet]] was also a member of the church.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fort |first1=Adrian |title=Nancy: The Story of Lady Astor |date=2013 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-1-84595-161-0 |page=249}}</ref> Another was naval officer [[Charles Lightoller]], who survived the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|sinking of the ''Titanic'']] in 1912.<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1999|p=427}}; Charles Lightoller, [http://journal.christianscience.com/shared/view/1e9xc1so38m "It is difficult to tell of the experience&nbsp;..."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204205012/http://journal.christianscience.com/shared/view/1e9xc1so38m |date=2014-12-04 }}, ''Christian Science Journal'', October 1912.</ref> Other adherents in the United States government also include Senator [[Jocelyn Burdick]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stotts |first1=Ryan |title=Jocelyn Burdick, North Dakota's first female US Senator, dies at 97 |url=https://www.grandforksherald.com/news/jocelyn-burdick-north-dakotas-first-female-us-senator-dies-at-97 |work=Grand Forks Herald |date=27 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Governor [[Scott McCallum]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Wisconsin Elects Christian Scientist as Governor |url=https://pluralism.org/news/wisconsin-elects-christian-scientist-governor |website=Pluralism Project |publisher=Harvard University |date=9 February 2001 |language=en}}</ref> and Treasury Secretary [[Henry Paulson]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|1999|p=241}}; {{harvnb|Fuller|2011|p=48}}</ref> A number of suffragists were Christian Scientists including [[Vida Goldstein]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brownfoot |first1=Janice N. |title=Vida Jane Goldstein (1869–1949) |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/goldstein-vida-jane-6418 |website=Australian Dictionary of Biography |publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University |language=en}}</ref> [[Muriel Matters]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Clare |year=2018 |title=You Daughters of Freedom |publisher=Text Publishing |page=479}}</ref> and [[Nettie Rogers Shuler]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=James |first1=Edward T. |last2=James |first2=Janet Wilson |last3=Boyer |first3=Paul S. |title=Notable American women, 1607-1950; a biographical dictionary |date=1971 |publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-674-62731-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/notableamericanw00jame/page/286/mode/2up |page=287 |volume=3}}</ref> Businesswomen [[Martha Matilda Harper]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Women of History: Martha Matilda Harper |url=https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/women-of-history-martha-matilda-harper/ |website=Mary Baker Eddy Library |date=1 June 2020}}</ref> and [[Bette Nesmith Graham]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Women of History: Bette Graham |url=https://www.marybakereddylibrary.org/research/women-of-history-bette-graham/ |website=Mary Baker Eddy Library |date=27 February 2023}}</ref> were both Christian Scientists. As was the founder of the Braille Institute of America, [[J. Robert Atkinson]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Webb |first1=Anne Holliday |title=J. Robert Atkinson: Benefactor of the Blind |url=https://www.longyear.org/learn/research-archive/j-robert-atkinson-benefactor-of-the-blind/ |work=Longyear Museum |date=1 December 1972}}</ref>

In sports, [[Harry Porter]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eder |first1=Jonathon |title=Manhood and Mary Baker Eddy: Muscular Christianity and Christian Science |journal=Church History |date=December 2020 |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=875–896 |doi=10.1017/S0009640720001390}}</ref> [[Harold Bradley Jr.]],<ref>Tony Lobl (February 2022). [https://journal.christianscience.com/shared/view/2pzdhs2ue2c "A spiritually guided Renaissance man"]. ''[[The Christian Science Journal]]''. vol. 140(2).</ref> and [[George Sisler]]<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|2011|p=48}}</ref> were all adherents. <!--PLEASE ADD FURTHER NAMES, WITH SOURCES, TO List of Christian Scientists (religious denomination), NOT HERE. MANY THANKS.-->Christian Scientists within the film industry, include [[Carol Channing]] and [[Jean Stapleton]];<ref>{{harvnb|Margolick|1990|p=2}}</ref> [[Colleen Dewhurst]];<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Shout |first= John D. |editor-last= Ware |editor-first= Susan |date= 2004 |title= Colleen Dewhurst |encyclopedia= Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary: Completing the Twentieth Century |location= Cambridge, Mass. |publisher= Belknap Press |pages=174–175}}</ref> [[Joan Crawford]], [[Doris Day]], [[George Hamilton (actor)|George Hamilton]], [[Mary Pickford]], [[Ginger Rogers]], [[Mickey Rooney]];<ref>{{harvnb|Gardner|1999}}</ref> [[Horton Foote]];<ref name="Fraser 1999 215">{{harvnb|Fraser|1999|p=215}}</ref> [[King Vidor]];<ref>{{cite book |last= Rambova |first= Natacha |date= 2009 |title= Rudolph Valentino: A Wife's Memories of an Icon |publisher= PVG Publishing |page= 149}}</ref> [[Robert Duvall]], and [[Val Kilmer]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gardner|1999}}; {{harvnb|Fraser|1999|p=215}}; {{harvnb|Fuller|2011|p=48}}</ref> Those raised by Christian Scientists include jurist [[Helmuth James Graf von Moltke]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Biesinger |first= Joseph |date= 2006 |title= Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |publisher= Infobase Publishing |page= 576}}</ref> military analyst [[Daniel Ellsberg]];<ref>{{cite book |last= Wells |first= Tom |date= 2001 |title= Wild Man: The Life and Times of Daniel Ellsberg |publisher= Palgrave Macmillan |page= 49}}</ref> [[Ellen DeGeneres]], [[Henry Fonda]], [[Audrey Hepburn]];<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|2011|p=48}}</ref> [[James Hetfield]], [[Marilyn Monroe]], [[Robin Williams]], [[Elizabeth Taylor]],<ref name="Fraser 1999 215"/> and [[Anne Archer]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Wright |first= Lawrence |date= 2013 |title= Going Clear: Scientology, Hollywood & the Prison of Belief |location= New York |publisher= Alfred A. Knopf |page= 335 |author-link= Lawrence Wright}}</ref><!--PLEASE ADD FURTHER NAMES, WITH SOURCES, TO List of Christian Scientists (religious denomination), NOT HERE. MANY THANKS.--> Four prominent African American entertainers who have been associated with Christian Science are [[Pearl Bailey]], [[Lionel Hampton]], [[Everett Lee]], and [[Alfre Woodard]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fuller|2011|p=48}}; {{cite news |title=Jazz Great Lionel Hampton Christian Science|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jazz-great-lionel-hampton-dead-at-94/|publisher=CBS News|date=31 August 2002}}; {{cite news |title=Christian Science and Race in America|url=https://uncpressblog.com/2021/03/11/marietta-webb-christian-science-and-race-in-america/|publisher=UNC Press|date=11 March 2021}}</ref>

=== Christian Science Publishing Society ===
[[File:Christian Science Publishing Society, Boston MA.jpg|thumb|alt=multi-storey light-colored stone building, its front decorated with columns over the main entrance|The [[Christian Science Publishing Society]], Massachusetts Avenue, Boston]]

The Christian Science Publishing Society publishes several periodicals, including the ''[[Christian Science Monitor]]'', winner of seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002. This had a daily circulation in 1970 of 220,000, which by 2008 had contracted to 52,000. In 2009 it moved to a largely online presence with a weekly print run.<ref>Stephanie Clifford, [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/business/media/29paper.html "Christian Science Paper to End Daily Print Edition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402222452/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/29/business/media/29paper.html |date=2017-04-02 }}, ''The New York Times'', October 28, 2008; Jon Fine, [http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-10-28/the-christian-science-monitor-to-become-a-weeklybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice "The Christian Science Monitor to Become a Weekly"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910234126/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-10-28/the-christian-science-monitor-to-become-a-weeklybusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |date=2013-09-10 }}, ''Business Week'', October 28, 2008; David Cook, [http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2008/1029/p25s01-usgn.html "Monitor shifts from print to Web-based strategy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125042228/https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2008/1029/p25s01-usgn.html |date=2018-01-25 }}, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', October 29, 2008.</ref> In the 1980s the church produced its own television programs, and in 1991 it founded a 24-hour news channel, which closed with heavy losses after 13 months.<ref>Seth Faison, [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/06/business/the-media-business-new-deadline-for-monitor-channel.html "The Media Business; New Deadline for Monitor Channel"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402222416/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/06/business/the-media-business-new-deadline-for-monitor-channel.html |date=2017-04-02 }}, ''The New York Times'', April 6, 1992.</ref>

The church also publishes the weekly ''Christian Science Sentinel'', the monthly ''Christian Science Journal'', and the ''[[The Herald of Christian Science|Herald of Christian Science]]'', a non-English publication. In April 2012 JSH-Online made back issues of the ''Journal'', ''Sentinel'' and ''Herald'' available online to subscribers.<ref>[http://jsh.christianscience.com/learn-more "Learn more about JSH-Online"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523040248/http://jsh.christianscience.com/learn-more |date=2013-05-23 }}, christianscience.com.</ref>

=== Works by Mary Baker Eddy ===
{{Div col}}
* ''[[Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures]]'' (1875)
* ''Christian Healing'' (1880)
* ''The People's Idea of God: Its Effect on Health and Christianity'' (1883)
* ''Historical Sketch of Metaphysical Healing'' (1885)
* ''Defence of Christian Science'' (1885)
* ''No and Yes'' (1887)
* ''Rudiments and Rules of Divine Science'' (1887)
* ''Unity of Good and Unreality of Evil'' (1888)
* ''Retrospection and Introspection'' (1891)
* ''Christ and Christmas'' (1893)
* ''Rudimental Divine Science'' (1894)
* ''[[Manual of The Mother Church]]'' (1895)
* ''Pulpit and Press'' (1895)
* ''Miscellaneous Writings, 1883–1896'' (1897)
* ''Christian Science versus Pantheism'' (1898)
* ''The Christian Science Hymnal'' (1898)
* ''Christian Healing and the People's Idea of God'' (1908)
* ''Poems'' (1910)
* ''The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Miscellany'' (1913)
* ''[[Prose Works Other than Science and Health]]'' (1925)
{{div col end}}