Editing Clock (section)

===Spring-driven===

<gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="150px" caption="Examples of spring-driven clocks">
Matthew Norman carriage clock with winding key.jpg|Matthew Norman carriage clock with winding key
1908 Gilbert mantel clock decorated with Memento Mori decoupage.JPG|Decorated William Gilbert mantel clock
</gallery>

Clockmakers developed their art in various ways. Building smaller clocks was a technical challenge, as was improving accuracy and reliability. Clocks could be impressive showpieces to demonstrate skilled craftsmanship, or less expensive, mass-produced items for domestic use. The escapement in particular was an important factor affecting the clock's accuracy, so many different mechanisms were tried.

Spring-driven clocks appeared during the 15th century,<ref name="White2">{{cite book|last=White|first=Lynn Jr.|title=Medieval Technology and Social Change|publisher=Oxford Univ. Press|year=1966|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-500266-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/medievaltechnolo00whit/page/126 126–127]|url=https://archive.org/details/medievaltechnolo00whit/page/126}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Usher|first=Abbot Payson|title=A History of Mechanical Inventions|year=1988|publisher=Courier Dover|isbn=978-0-486-25593-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305|page=305|access-date=June 5, 2020|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703112708/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&pg=PA305|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Rossum">{{cite book|last=Dohrn-van Rossum|first=Gerhar|title=History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders|publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121|isbn=978-0-226-15510-4|page=121|access-date=June 5, 2020|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113720/https://books.google.com/books?id=53K32RiEigMC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}</ref> although they are often erroneously credited to [[Nuremberg]] watchmaker [[Peter Henlein]] (or Henle, or Hele) around 1511.<ref>{{cite book |last=Milham|first=Willis I.|title=Time and Timekeepers |year=1945 |publisher=MacMillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7808-0008-3|page=121}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Clock|encyclopedia=The New Encyclopædia Britannica|volume=4|page=747|publisher=Univ. of Chicago|year=1974|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eb0qAAAAMAAJ&q=peter+Henlein|isbn=978-0-85229-290-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Anzovin|first=Steve|author2=Podell, Janet|title=Famous First Facts: A record of first happenings, discoveries, and inventions in world history|year=2000|publisher=H.W. Wilson|isbn=978-0-8242-0958-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00anzo/page/440 440]|url=https://archive.org/details/famousfirstfacts00anzo/page/440}}</ref> The earliest existing spring driven clock is the chamber clock given to Phillip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, around 1430, now in the [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]].<ref name="White" /> Spring power presented clockmakers with a new problem: how to keep the clock [[movement (clockwork)|movement]] running at a constant rate as the spring ran down. This resulted in the invention of the ''[[stackfreed]]'' and the [[fusee (horology)|fusee]] in the 15th century, and many other innovations, down to the invention of the modern ''going [[barrel (horology)|barrel]]'' in 1760.

Early clock dials did not indicate minutes and seconds. A clock with a dial indicating minutes was illustrated in a 1475 manuscript by Paulus Almanus,<ref name=haencyc>p. 529, "Time and timekeeping instruments", ''History of astronomy: an encyclopedia'', John Lankford, Taylor & Francis, 1997, {{ISBN|0-8153-0322-X}}.</ref> and some 15th-century clocks in Germany indicated minutes and seconds.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&q=A+history+of+mechanical+inventions,+Abbott+Payson+Usher|page=209|title=A history of mechanical inventions|first=Abbott Payson|last=Usher|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=1988|isbn=978-0-486-25593-4|access-date=October 30, 2020|archive-date=July 3, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113711/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuDDqqa8FlwC&q=A+history+of+mechanical+inventions,+Abbott+Payson+Usher|url-status=live}}</ref>
An early record of a seconds hand on a clock dates back to about 1560 on a clock now in the Fremersdorf collection.<ref name=Landes>{{cite book | first1=David S. |last1=Landes |title=Revolution in Time | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts| publisher= Harvard University Press |year= 1983 | isbn = 978-0-674-76802-4 |title-link=Revolution in Time }}</ref>{{rp|417–418}}<ref>{{cite book |first1=Johann |last1=Willsberger |title=Clocks & watches |location=New York |publisher=Dial Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-8037-4475-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/clockswatchessix0000will }} full page color photo: 4th caption page, 3rd photo thereafter (neither pages nor photos are numbered).</ref>

During the 15th and 16th centuries, clockmaking flourished, particularly in the metalworking towns of [[Nuremberg]] and [[Augsburg]], and in [[Blois]], France. Some of the more basic table clocks have only one time-keeping hand, with the dial between the hour markers being divided into four equal parts making the clocks readable to the nearest 15 minutes. Other clocks were exhibitions of craftsmanship and skill, incorporating astronomical indicators and musical movements. The [[escapement#Cross-beat escapement|cross-beat escapement]] was invented in 1584 by [[Jost Bürgi]], who also developed the [[remontoire]]. Bürgi's clocks were a great improvement in accuracy as they were correct to within a minute a day.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Lance Day |editor2=Ian McNeil |title=Biographical dictionary of the history of technology |publisher=[[Routledge]] (Routledge Reference) |year=1996 |page=116 |isbn=978-0-415-06042-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nqAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA116 |access-date=October 30, 2020 |archive-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703113711/https://books.google.com/books?id=nqAOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA116 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Table clock c. 1650 attributed to Hans Buschmann that uses technical inventions by Jost Bürgi |publisher=[[The British Museum]] |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/table_clock_attributed_to_hans.aspx |access-date=2010-04-11 |archive-date=November 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106011107/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/table_clock_attributed_to_hans.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> These clocks helped the 16th-century astronomer [[Tycho Brahe]] to observe astronomical events with much greater precision than before.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}{{how|date=November 2014}}

[[File:Renaissance Turret Clock.jpg|thumb|right|Lantern clock, German, {{c.|1570}}]]