Editing Cochlear implant (section)

== Outcomes ==
Cochlear implant outcomes can be measured using [[speech recognition]] ability and functional improvements measured using patient reported outcome measures.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dornhoffer JR, Reddy P, Meyer TA, Schvartz-Leyzac KC, Dubno JR, McRackan TR | title = Individual Differences in Speech Recognition Changes After Cochlear Implantation | journal = JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery | volume = 147 | issue = 3 | pages = 280–286 | date = March 2021 | pmid = 33410869 | doi = 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5094 | pmc = 7791403 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = McRackan TR, Velozo CA, Holcomb MA, Camposeo EL, Hatch JL, Meyer TA, Lambert PR, Melvin CL, Dubno JR | display-authors = 6 | title = Use of Adult Patient Focus Groups to Develop the Initial Item Bank for a Cochlear Implant Quality-of-Life Instrument | journal = JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery | volume = 143 | issue = 10 | pages = 975–982 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 28772297 | pmc = 5710256 | doi = 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.1182 }}</ref> While the degree of improvement after cochlear implantation may vary, the majority of patients who receive cochlear implants demonstrate a significant improvement in speech recognition ability compared to their preoperative condition.<ref name=":1" />

Multiple meta-analyses of the literature from 2018 showed that CI users have large improvements in quality of life after cochlear implantation.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McRackan TR, Bauschard M, Hatch JL, Franko-Tobin E, Droghini HR, Nguyen SA, Dubno JR | title = Meta-analysis of quality-of-life improvement after cochlear implantation and associations with speech recognition abilities | journal = The Laryngoscope | volume = 128 | issue = 4 | pages = 982–990 | date = April 2018 | pmid = 28731538 | doi = 10.1002/lary.26738 | pmc = 5776066 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McRackan TR, Bauschard M, Hatch JL, Franko-Tobin E, Droghini HR, Velozo CA, Nguyen SA, Dubno JR | display-authors = 6 | title = Meta-analysis of Cochlear Implantation Outcomes Evaluated With General Health-related Patient-reported Outcome Measures | journal = Otology & Neurotology | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–36 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29227446 | doi = 10.1097/mao.0000000000001620 | pmc = 5728184 }}</ref> This improvement occurs in many different facets of life that extends beyond communication including improved ability to engage in social activities; decreased mental effort from listening; and improved environmental sound awareness.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Hughes SE, Hutchings HA, Rapport FL, McMahon CM, Boisvert I | title = Social Connectedness and Perceived Listening Effort in Adult Cochlear Implant Users: A Grounded Theory to Establish Content Validity for a New Patient-Reported Outcome Measure | journal = Ear and Hearing | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 922–934 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 29424766 | doi = 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000553 | s2cid = 46846059 | url = https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa38511 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McRackan TR, Hand BN, Velozo CA, Dubno JR | title = Cochlear Implant Quality of Life (CIQOL): Development of a Profile Instrument (CIQOL-35 Profile) and a Global Measure (CIQOL-10 Global) | journal = Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research | volume = 62 | issue = 9 | pages = 3554–3563 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31479616 | pmc = 6808347 | doi = 10.1044/2019_JSLHR-H-19-0142 }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Deaf adolescents with cochlear implants attending mainstream educational settings report high levels of scholastic self-esteem, friendship self-esteem, and global self-esteem.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal | vauthors = Leigh IW, Maxwell-McCaw D, Bat-Chava Y, Christiansen JB | title = Correlates of psychosocial adjustment in deaf adolescents with and without cochlear implants: a preliminary investigation | journal = Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 244–259 | date = 2008-07-16 | pmid = 18854552 | doi = 10.1093/deafed/enn038 | doi-access = free }}</ref> They also tend to hold mostly positive attitudes towards their cochlear implants,<ref name=":4">{{cite journal |last1=Most |first1=Tova |last2=Wiesel |first2=Amatzia |last3=Blitzer |first3=Tamar |title=Identity and Attitudes towards Cochlear Implant Among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Adolescents |journal=Deafness & Education International |date=June 2007 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=68–82 |doi=10.1179/146431507790560002 }}</ref> and as a part of their identity, a majority either do "not really think about" their hearing loss, or are "proud of it."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dammeyer |first1=Jesper |last2=Chapman |first2=Madeleine |last3=Marschark |first3=Marc |title=Experience of Hearing Loss, Communication, Social Participation, and Psychological Well-Being Among Adolescents With Cochlear Implants |journal=American Annals of the Deaf |date=2018 |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=424–439 |doi=10.1353/aad.2018.0027 |jstor=26529752 |pmid=30344187 |s2cid=53044702 }}</ref> Though advancements in cochlear implant technology have helped patients in their understanding of language, users are still unable to understand suprasegmental portions of language, which includes pitch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cochlear Implant (CI) Technology and Music: Music Perception, Music Enjoyment: Information for Audiologists {{!}} Iowa Head and Neck Protocols |url=https://medicine.uiowa.edu/iowaprotocols/music-and-hearing-loss/cochlear-implant-ci-and-music/cochlear-implant-ci-pages-audiologists/cochlear |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=medicine.uiowa.edu}}</ref>

A study by [[Johns Hopkins University]] determined that for a three-year-old child who receives them, cochlear implants can save $30,000 to $50,000 in special-education costs for elementary and secondary schools as the child is more likely to be mainstreamed in school and thus use fewer support services than similarly deaf children.<ref>{{cite web|date=2000-05-05|title=Do Health-Care Providers Have to Pay for Assistive Tech?|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2000/nf00505c.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815080222/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/may2000/nf00505c.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 15, 2000|access-date=2009-10-25|publisher=[[Business Week]]|vauthors=Williams JM}}</ref>