Editing Cognitive dissonance (section)

====Forbidden behavior paradigm====

In the ''Effect of the Severity of Threat on the Devaluation of Forbidden Behavior'' (1963), a variant of the induced-compliance paradigm, by [[Elliot Aronson]] and Carlsmith, examined [[self-justification]] in children.<ref name="aronson1963">{{cite journal | vauthors = Aronson E, Carlsmith JM | year = 1963 | title = Effect of the Severity of Threat on the Devaluation of Forbidden Behavior | journal = Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology | volume = 66 | issue = 6| pages = 584–588 | doi = 10.1037/h0039901 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.378.884 }}</ref> Children were left in a room with toys, including a greatly desirable steam shovel, the forbidden toy. Upon leaving the room, the experimenter told one-half of the group of children that there would be severe punishment if they played with the steam-shovel toy and told the second half of the group that there would be a mild punishment for playing with the forbidden toy. All of the children refrained from playing with the forbidden toy (the steam shovel).<ref name= "aronson1963"/>

Later, when the children were told that they could freely play with any toy they wanted, the children in the mild-punishment group were less likely to play with the steam shovel (the forbidden toy), despite the removal of the threat of mild punishment. The children threatened with mild punishment had to justify, to themselves, why they did not play with the forbidden toy. The degree of punishment was insufficiently strong to resolve their cognitive dissonance; the children had to convince themselves that playing with the forbidden toy was not worth the effort.<ref name=aronson1963 />

In ''The Efficacy of Musical Emotions Provoked by Mozart's Music for the Reconciliation of Cognitive Dissonance'' (2012), a variant of the forbidden-toy paradigm, indicated that listening to music reduces the development of cognitive dissonance.<ref name="MasatakaPerlovsky_MusicReducesCognitiveDissonance">{{cite journal |vauthors=Masataka N, Perlovsky L |date=December 2012 |title=The efficacy of musical emotions provoked by Mozart's music for the reconciliation of cognitive dissonance |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=694 |bibcode=2012NatSR...2..694M |doi=10.1038/srep00694 |pmc=3457076 |pmid=23012648}}</ref> Without music in the background, the control group of four-year-old children were told to avoid playing with a forbidden toy. After playing alone, the control-group children later devalued the importance of the forbidden toy. In the variable group, classical music played in the background while the children played alone. In the second group, the children did not later devalue the forbidden toy. The researchers, Nobuo Masataka and Leonid Perlovsky, concluded that music might inhibit cognitions that induce cognitive dissonance.<ref name="MasatakaPerlovsky_MusicReducesCognitiveDissonance" />

Music is a stimulus that can diminish post-decisional dissonance; in an earlier experiment, ''Washing Away Postdecisional Dissonance'' (2010), the researchers indicated that the actions of hand-washing might inhibit the cognitions that induce cognitive dissonance.<ref name = leeschwarz>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee SW, Schwarz N | title = Washing away pos-decisional dissonance | journal = Science | volume = 328 | issue = 5979 | pages = 709 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20448177 | doi = 10.1126/science.1186799 | s2cid = 18611420 | bibcode = 2010Sci...328..709L }}</ref> That study later failed to replicate.<ref>{{cite news | vauthors = Resnick B  |title= More social science studies just failed to replicate. Here's why this is good. |url= https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2018/8/27/17761466/psychology-replication-crisis-nature-social-science |work=Vox |date=27 August 2018 }}</ref>