Editing Committee (section)

== Types ==
=== Executive committee ===
{{See also|Board of directors|Vorstand}}

Organizations with a large [[board of directors]] (such as international labor unions, large corporations with thousands of stockholders or national and international organizations) may have a smaller body of the board, called an ''executive committee'', to handle its business. The executive committee may function more like a board than an actual committee.<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 485}}</ref><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert III|2011|p = 157}}</ref> In any case, an executive committee can only be established through a specific provision in the charter or [[bylaws]] of the entity (i.e. a board cannot appoint an executive committee without authorization to do so).<ref name=":1" /> Members of the executive committee may be elected by the overall [[Suffrage|franchised]] membership or by the board, depending on the rules of the organization, and usually consist of the CEO and the [[Vice president|Vice Presidents]] in charge of respective directorates within the organization. However formed, an executive committee only has such powers and authority that the governing documents of the organization give it. In some cases, it may be empowered to act on behalf of the board or organization, while in others, it may only be able to make recommendations.<ref name=":1" />

===Conference committee===
Governments at the national level may have a ''conference committee''. A conference committee in a [[bicameralism|bicameral]] legislature is responsible for creating a compromise version of a particular [[bill (proposed law)|bill]] when each house has passed a different version.

[[United States congressional conference committee|A conference committee in the United States Congress]] is a temporary panel of negotiators from the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Unless one chamber decides to accept the other's original bill, the compromise version must pass both chambers after leaving the conference committee. This committee is usually composed of the senior members of the standing committees that originally considered the legislation in each chamber.

Other countries that use conference committees include France, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Bicameralism|last = Tsebelis|first = George|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1997|isbn = 9780521589727|location = Cambridge, United Kingdom|pages = 178–179|last2 = Money|first2 = Jeannette|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eL_eT6JMTzIC&pg=PA178}}</ref> In Canada, conference committees have been unused since 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.revparl.ca/english/issue.asp?art=1297&param=190|title = Reviving Conference Committees|date =Autumn 2008|access-date = 21 December 2015|website = revparl.ca|publisher = [[Canadian Parliamentary Review]]|last = Hays|first = Hon. Dan}}</ref> In the [[European Union]] (EU) [[European Union legislative procedure|legislative process]], a similar committee is called a 'Conciliation Committee', which carries out the [[Trilogue meeting|Trilogue]] negotiations in case the [[Council of the European Union|Council]] does not agree with a text amended and adopted by the [[European Parliament]] at a second reading. Although the practice has fallen out of favour in other Australian Parliaments, the [[Parliament of South Australia]] still regularly appoints a "Conference of Managers" from each House to negotiate compromises on disputed bills in private.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Crump |first = Rick | title = Why the Conference Procedure Remains the Preferred Method for Resolving Disputes Between the Two Houses of the South Australian Parliament |url = https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/08-RickCrump-SA-Parl-disputes-completed-25-July-07.pdf |url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180401150021/https://www.aspg.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/08-RickCrump-SA-Parl-disputes-completed-25-July-07.pdf |archive-date = 1 April 2018 |year=2007 |volume=22|journal = Australasian Parliamentary Review |issue = 2 |pages=120–136 |access-date = 21 February 2021 }}</ref>

==== Different use of term ====
In organizations, the term "conference committee" may have a different meaning. This meaning may be associated with the conferences, or [[Convention (meeting)|conventions]], that the organization puts together. These committees that are responsible for organizing such events may be called "conference committees".

===Standing committee<!--'Standing committee' redirects here-->===
A '''standing committee'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> is a subunit of a political or deliberative body established in a permanent fashion to aid the parent assembly in accomplishing its duties, for example by meeting on a specific, permanent policy domain (e.g. defence, health, or trade and industry). A standing committee is granted its scope and powers over a particular area of business by the governing documents.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 491}}</ref> Standing committees meet on a regular or irregular basis depending on their function, and retain any power or oversight originally given them until subsequent official actions of the governing body (through changes to law or by-laws) disbands the committee.

==== Legislatures ====
[[File:Komisja Polityki Społecznej i Rodziny Komisja Edukacji Nauki i Młodzieży 2018a.jpg|thumb|Joint meeting of two [[Sejm]] committees, the Social Policy and Family Committee, and the Education, Science and Youth Committee, in the [[Sejm and Senate Complex|Sejm complex]] in 2018]]
Most governmental legislative committees are standing committees. This phrase is used in the legislatures of the following countries:
* [[Armenia]]
** [[National Assembly (Armenia)#Committees|Standing Committees of the National Assembly]]
* Australia
** [[Australian House of Representatives committees]]
** [[Australian Senate committees]]
* Canada
** [[List of committees of the Canadian House of Commons]]
** [[Standing committee (Canada)]]
* China
** [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]]
** [[Special committee of the National People's Congress]]
** [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party]]
* [[Iceland]]
** [[List of standing committees of the Icelandic parliament]]
* [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
** [[Committees of the Oireachtas]]
* Hong Kong
** [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong#Committee system|Legislative Council (Hong Kong)]]
* India
** [[Standing committee (India)]]
* [[Malaysia]]
** [[Dewan Rakyat committees]]
** [[Dewan Negara committees]]
* New Zealand
** [[New Zealand House of Representatives committees]]
* Thailand
** [[Parliamentary committees of Thailand]]
* United Kingdom
** [[Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom]]
**[[Public bill committee]]
* United States
** [[Standing committee (United States Congress)]]
Under the laws of the United States of America, a standing committee is a [[Congressional committee]] permanently authorized by the [[United States House of Representatives]] and [[United States Senate]] rules. The [[Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946]] greatly reduced the number of committees, and set up the legislative committee structure still in use today, as modified by authorized changes via the orderly mechanism of rule changes.

==== Examples in organizations ====
Examples of standing committees in organizations are; an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, a governance committee, and a program committee. Typically, the standing committees perform their work throughout the year and present their reports at the [[Annual general meeting|annual meeting]] of the organization.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 502}}</ref> These committees continue to exist after presenting their reports, although the membership in the committees may change.

=== Nominating committee<!--'Nominating committee' redirects here--> ===
{{See also|Supervisory board}}

A '''nominating committee'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> (or nominations committee) is a group formed for the purpose of nominating candidates for office or the board in an organization.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 433}}</ref> It may consist of members from inside the organization. Sometimes a governance committee takes the role of a nominating committee. Depending on the organization, this committee may be empowered to actively seek out candidates or may only have the power to receive nominations from members and verify that the candidates are eligible.

A nominating committee works similarly to an [[electoral college]], the main difference being that the available candidates, either nominated or "written in" outside of the committee's choices, are then voted into office by the membership. It is a part of governance methods often employed by corporate bodies, business entities, and social and sporting groups, especially clubs. The intention is that they be made up of qualified and knowledgeable people representing the best interests of the membership. In the case of business entities, their directors will often be brought in from outside, and receive a benefit for their expertise.

In the context of nominations for awards, a nominating committee can also be formed for the purpose of nominating persons or things held up for judgment by others as to their comparative quality or value, especially for the purpose of bestowing awards in the arts, or in application to industry's products and services. The objective being to update, set, and maintain high and possibly new standards.

=== Steering committee<!--'Steering committee' redirects here--> ===
A '''steering committee''' is a committee that provides guidance, direction and control to a project within an organization.<ref name="Mcleod2008">{{cite book|author=Mcleod|title=Management Information Systems | edition = 10 | year = 2008|publisher=Pearson Education|isbn=978-81-317-1949-7|page=201}}</ref> The term is derived from the [[steering]] mechanism that changes the steering angle of a vehicle's wheels.

Project steering committees are frequently used for guiding and monitoring [[information technology|IT]] projects in large organizations, as part of [[project governance]]. The functions of the committee might include building a business case for the project, planning, providing assistance and guidance, monitoring the progress, controlling the project scope and resolving conflicts.

As with other committees, the specific duties and role of the steering committee vary among organizations.

==== Coalition committee ====
A [[coalition committee]] is a steering committee for a coalition government, an informal body composed of leading figures from the [[Coalition government|coalition parties]] and the [[government]]. Coalition committees, in contrast to parliamentary committees, have no formal rights.

=== Special committee<!--'Special committee' redirects here--> ===
{{See also|Select committee (parliamentary system)}}{{Anchor|Special committee|Ad hoc committee|Select committee (parliamentary system)|Working committee}}
A '''special committee'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> (also working, select, or ad hoc committee) is established to accomplish a particular task or to oversee a specific area in need of control or oversight.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 492}}</ref> Many are research or coordination committees in type or purpose and are temporary. Some are a sub-group of a larger society with a particular area of interest which are organized to meet and discuss matters pertaining to their interests. For example; a group of astronomers might be organized to discuss how to get the larger society to address [[near Earth object]]s. A subgroup of engineers and scientists of a large project's development team could be organized to solve some particular issue with offsetting considerations and trade-offs. Once the committee makes its final report to its parent body, the special committee ceases to exist.<ref name=":2" />

===Subcommittee===
A committee that is a [[subset]] of a larger committee is called a ''subcommittee''. Committees that have a large workload may form subcommittees to further divide the work. Subcommittees report to the parent committee and not to the general assembly.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 497}}</ref>

===Committee of the whole===
{{main|Committee of the whole}}
When the entire assembly meets as a committee to discuss or debate, this is called a "[[committee of the whole]]".  This is a procedural device most commonly used by legislative bodies to discuss an issue under the rules of a committee meeting rather than the more formal and rigid rules which would have to be followed to actually enact legislation.

=== Central Committee ===
{{Main|Central Committee}}

"[[Central Committee]]" is the common designation of the highest organ of [[Communist party|communist parties]] between [[Congress of the Communist Party|two congresses]]. The committee was elected by the party congress and led party activities, elected the [[politburo]] and the [[general secretary of the communist party]].