Editing Commune of Rome (section)

=== Final period (late 14th century) ===
When [[Pope Gregory XI]] returned to Rome in 1377, ending the Avignon period, he found a city in the grip of anarchy due to the struggles between the noble and popular factions, and in which his power was now more formal than real. Forty years of instability followed, characterized at a local level by the conflict of power between the Commune and the Papacy, and at an international level by the great [[Western Schism]] between the Roman Popes and the Avignon antipopes, at the end of which [[Pope Martin V|Martin V]] of the Colonna family, the only Roman Pope of the fifteenth century, was elected Pope by mutual agreement between the parties . His return and that of the Papal institution to Rome was strongly desired and obtained by [[Catherine of Siena]].  Martin V succeeded in bringing order to the city, reconstituting its now lost civic identity, and laying the foundations for its rebirth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. Kelly |first=John |title=Grande dizionario illustrato dei papi |isbn=88-384-1326-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cola di Rienzo |url=https://www.homolaicus.com/storia/medioevo/rienzo.htm |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.homolaicus.com}}</ref>