Editing Compressed-air car (section)

==Developers and manufacturers==
Various companies are investing in the [[R&D|research, development and deployment]] of compressed air cars. The MDI Air Car made its public [[South Africa]]n debut in 2002.<ref name="HowStuffWorks">{{cite web| title=How Air-Powered Cars Will Work | author=Kevin Bonsor | publisher=[[HowStuffWorks]] |date=2005-10-25 | access-date=2006-05-25 | url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/air-car.htm/printable}}</ref> It was predicted to be in production "within six months" in January 2004.<ref name="SundayTimes">{{cite news | title=Gone with the wind | author=Robyn Curnow | newspaper=[[The Sunday Times (UK)]] |date=2004-01-11 | access-date=2006-05-25 | url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,1-120-957436-120,00.html | location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> As of 2022, it was not in production.

===MDI===
{{Main|Motor Development International}}
[[Motor Development International|MDI]] has proposed a range of vehicles made up of [[AIRPod]], OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir, MiniFlowAir and MultiFlowAir.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.aircars.tk/ Learn everything about the compressed air cars!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520152900/http://aircars.tk/ |date=2013-05-20 }}.</ref> One of the main innovations of this company is its implementation of its "active chamber", which is a compartment which heats the air (through the use of a fuel) in order to double the energy output.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefuture.net.nz/mdi_tech.htm |title=MDI's active chamber |publisher=Thefuture.net.nz |access-date=2010-12-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507151344/http://www.thefuture.net.nz/mdi_tech.htm |archive-date=2011-05-07 }}</ref> This 'innovation' was first used in [[torpedo]]es in 1904.

===Tata Motors===
{{As of|2009|1}}, [[Tata Motors]] of [[India]] had planned to launch a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011.<ref name="DWS Auto">{{cite magazine |title=Tata Air Car to drive in by 2011 |magazine=[[Popular Mechanics]] |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/autoindia/tata-air-car-to-drive-in-by-2011/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210193936/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/autoindia/tata-air-car-to-drive-in-by-2011/ |archive-date=2010-02-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=An engine which uses air as fuel: Tata Motors and technology inventor, MDI of France, sign agreement |publisher=[[Tata Motors]] |date=February 5, 2007 |url=http://tatamotors.com/media/press-releases.php?id=281 |access-date=June 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314135550/http://www.tatamotors.com/media/press-releases.php?id=281 |archive-date=March 14, 2012 }}</ref> In December 2009 Tata's vice president of engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were causing problems.

Tata Motors announced in May 2012<ref>{{cite press release|title=MDI's air engine technology tested on Tata Motors vehicles |publisher=[[Tata Motors]] |date=May 7, 2012 |url=http://www.tatamotors.com/media/press-releases.php?id=750 |access-date=June 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509064540/http://www.tatamotors.com/media/press-releases.php?id=750 |archive-date=May 9, 2013 }}</ref> that they have assessed the design past phase 1, the "proof of the technical concept", and were proceeding to full production for the Indian market. Tata moved to phase 2, "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications".<ref>[http://www.gizmag.com/tata-motors-air-car-mdi/22447/ Tata Motors enters second phase of air-car development] Gizmag.com, 2012-05-07</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=June 2012}}

In February 2017, Dr. Tim Leverton, president and head at Advanced and Product Engineering at Tata revealed that the project was "starting industrialisation" with the first vehicles to be available by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Motors' air-powered car project still on, to be launch ready in 3 years|url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/tata-motors-air-powered-car-project-launch-23659|website=Auto Car Professional|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref>  Other reports indicate Tata is also reviving plans for a compressed air version of the [[Tata Nano]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Tata Nano could spawn electric, hybrid & air-powered variants – Report|url=http://indianautosblog.com/2017/01/tata-nano-could-spawn-electric-hybrid-air-variants-256298|access-date=23 August 2017|publisher=Indian Autos Blog|date=Jan 25, 2017}}</ref> This had previously been under consideration as part of their collaboration with MDI.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nano was to run on air, battery but Ratan Tata couldn't implement plans|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/ratan-tata-s-plan-to-turn-nano-around-wanted-car-to-run-on-air-battery/story-q7LIMmTS5eHCORFTvNhE1L.html|access-date=23 August 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=Oct 28, 2016}}</ref>

===Engineair Pty Ltd===
Engineair is an Australian company. It produced prototypes of small vehicles using a rotary air engine designed by [[Angelo Di Pietro (inventor)|Angelo Di Pietro]].  The company is seeking commercial partners to utilise its engine.<ref>{{cite news|title=The motorbike that runs on air|url=http://smh.drive.com.au/motor-news/the-motorbike-that-runs-on-air-20111103-1mwq2.html|author=Matt Campbell|date=November 3, 2011|newspaper=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=2011-11-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105173816/http://smh.drive.com.au/motor-news/the-motorbike-that-runs-on-air-20111103-1mwq2.html|archive-date=November 5, 2011}}</ref>

===Peugeot/Citroën===
Peugeot and Citroën announced that they intended to build a car using compressed air as an energy source. However, it utilizes a hybrid system. A gasoline engine propels the car more than 70&nbsp;km/h or when the compressed air tank has been depleted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gas2.org/2013/02/18/compressed-air-hybrid-car-developed/ |title=Compressed-Air Hybrid Car Developed |publisher=Gas2.org |date=2013-02-18 |access-date=2013-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inhabitat.com/peugeot-announces-plans-to-release-a-hybrid-car-that-runs-on-compressed-air-by-2016/|title=Peugeot Announces Plans to Release a Hybrid Car That Runs on Compressed Air by 2016|author=Marc Carter|access-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

In January 2015, there was disappointing news from France: PSA Peugeot Citroën has delayed indefinitely the development of its promising-seeming Hybrid Air powertrain, apparently because the company has been unable to find a development partner willing to share the huge costs of engineering the system. Development costs are estimated to 500 million Euros. Production volumes would have to be more than 500,000 cars a year to repay these costs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://blog.caranddriver.com/deflated-peugeot-citroen-shelves-its-air-hybrid-technology/|title=Deflated: Peugeot Citroen Shelves Its Air Hybrid Technology|last=Duff|first=Mike|date=January 26, 2015|work=Car and Driver|access-date=2018-10-29|language=en}}</ref> The head of the project left Peugeot in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lesechos.fr/11/01/2015/lesechos.fr/0204071426759_psa---la-revolution-de-l-hybrid-air-n-aura-pas-lieu.htm|title=PSA : la révolution de l'Hybrid Air n'aura pas lieu|last=Fansilber|first=Maxime Amiot Denis|date=November 1, 2015|website=Les Echos|language=fr|access-date=2018-10-29}}</ref>

===APUQ===
APUQ (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine) has made the APUQ Air Car, a car powered by a Quasiturbine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apuq.com |title=Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine |publisher=APUQ |access-date=2012-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113928/http://www.apuq.com/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=June 2012}}

===Evrin===
In 2020, Dr. Reza Alizade Evrin of [[Ontario Tech University]] developed an [[isothermal]] compressed air vehicle.<ref name="Compressed air cars for urban transportation">{{cite web|url=https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/compressed-air-cars-for-urban-transportation/ |title=Compressed air cars for urban transportation |date=7 September 2020 |publisher=advancedsciencenews |accessdate=2020-09-07}}</ref><ref name="Experimental investigation of a compressed air vehicle prototype with phase change materials for heat recovery">{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/est2.159 |title=Experimental investigation of a compressed air vehicle prototype with phase change materials for heat recovery |year=2020 |publisher=onlinelibrary.wiley |doi=10.1002/est2.159 |accessdate=2020-04-27|last1=Evrin |first1=Reza Alizade |last2=Dincer |first2=Ibrahim |journal=Energy Storage |volume=2 |issue=5 |s2cid=219020514 |doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref> This prototype used [[low pressure]] air tanks and exhaust air recovery to power a paraffin [[heat exchanger]] system. Its [[energy efficiency (physics)|energy efficiency]] reached 74%. This is as much as 90% of the efficiency of [[lithium-ion]] [[electric car]]s. It had a driving range of 140 km (86 mi.). Efficiency and range might be increased by a number of practical improvements. For example, combining the storage tank into the car chassis, higher pressure tanks, new rotary engines, and a more efficient heat exchanger. Also, the weight and cost of tanks and pneumatic parts might be reduced by using [[recycled]] and [[bio-based]] [[thermoplastic]]s.