Editing Concussion (section)

==Prevention==
{{Main|Prevention of concussions}}
Prevention of mTBI involves general measures such as wearing [[seat belt]]s, using [[airbag]]s in cars, and protective equipment such as helmets for high-risk sports.<ref name=Kushner98/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Enniss TM, Basiouny K, Brewer B, Bugaev N, Cheng J, Danner OK, Duncan T, Foster S, Hawryluk G, Jung HS, Lui F, Rattan R, Violano P, Crandall M | display-authors = 6 | title = Primary prevention of contact sports-related concussions in amateur athletes: a systematic review from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma | journal = Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = e000153 | date = 2018 | pmid = 30023433 | pmc = 6018851 | doi = 10.1136/tsaco-2017-000153 }}</ref> Older people are encouraged to reduce fall risk by keeping floors free of clutter and wearing thin, flat shoes with hard soles that do not interfere with balance.<ref name="mayoc">{{cite web |publisher=Mayo Clinic |author=Mayo Clinic Staff |year=2007 |title=Concussion |url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/concussion/DS00320/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print |access-date=2008-01-10 |archive-date=2011-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612190754/http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/concussion/DS00320/DSECTION%3Dall%26METHOD%3Dprint |url-status=live }}</ref>

Protective equipment such as helmets and other headgear and policy changes such as the banning of body checking in youth hockey leagues have been found to reduce the number and severity of concussions in athletes.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal | vauthors = Emery CA, Black AM, Kolstad A, Martinez G, Nettel-Aguirre A, Engebretsen L, Johnston K, Kissick J, Maddocks D, Tator C, Aubry M, Dvořák J, Nagahiro S, Schneider K | display-authors = 6 | title = What strategies can be used to effectively reduce the risk of concussion in sport? A systematic review | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 51 | issue = 12 | pages = 978–984 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28254746 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097452 | s2cid = 36589540 }}</ref> Secondary prevention such as a Return to Play Protocol for an athlete may reduce the risk of repeat concussions.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M, Guskiewicz KM, Halstead M, Herring SA, Kutcher JS, Pana A, Putukian M, Roberts WO | display-authors = 6 | title = American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 47 | issue = 1 | pages = 15–26 | date = January 2013 | pmid = 23243113 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941 | doi-access = free }}</ref> New "Head Impact Telemetry System" technology is being placed in helmets to study injury mechanisms and may generate knowledge that will potentially help reduce the risk of concussions among American Football players.<ref name="pmid32936594">{{cite journal | vauthors = Campbell KR, Marshall SW, Luck JF, Pinton GF, Stitzel JD, Boone JS, Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP | display-authors = 6 | title = Head Impact Telemetry System's Video-based Impact Detection and Location Accuracy | journal = Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise | volume = 52 | issue = 10 | pages = 2198–2206 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32936594 | pmc = 7503201 | doi = 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002371 }}</ref> Mouth guards have been put forward as a preventative measure, and there is mixed evidence supporting its use in preventing concussions but rather has support in preventing dental trauma.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Concannon |first1=Leah G. |last2=Kaufman |first2=Marla S. |last3=Herring |first3=Stanley A. |date=September 2014 |title=Counseling Athletes on the Risk of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy |journal=Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach |language=en |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=396–401 |doi=10.1177/1941738114530958 |issn=1941-7381 |pmc=4137675 |pmid=25177414}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Educational interventions, such as handouts, videos, workshops, and lectures, can improve concussion knowledge of diverse groups, particularly youth athletes and coaches.<ref name="Schneider_2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Schneider DK, Grandhi RK, Bansal P, Kuntz GE, Webster KE, Logan K, Barber Foss KD, Myer GD | display-authors = 6 | title = Current state of concussion prevention strategies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective, controlled studies | journal = British Journal of Sports Medicine | volume = 51 | issue = 20 | pages = 1473–1482 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 27251896 | doi = 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095645 | s2cid = 7183530 }}</ref> Strong concussion knowledge may be associated with greater recognition of concussion symptoms, higher rates of concussion reporting behaviors, and reduced body checking-related penalties and injuries, thereby lowering risk of mTBI.<ref name="Schneider_2017" />

Due to the incidence of concussion in sport, younger athletes often do not disclose concussions and their symptoms. Common reasons for non-disclosure include a lack of awareness of the concussion, the belief that the concussion was not serious enough, and not wanting to leave the game or team due to their injury.<ref name="Kerr_2014" /> Self-reported concussion rates among U-20 and elite rugby union players in Ireland are 45–48%, indicating that many concussions go unreported.<ref name=Pellman/> Changes to the rules or enforcing existing rules in sports, such as those against "head-down tackling", or "spearing", which is associated with a high injury rate, may also prevent concussions.<ref name="Pellman" />