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Copland (operating system)
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===Development=== The Copland project was first announced by [[David Nagel]] in May 1994.<ref>{{Citation|title=WWDC 1994 Dave Nagel Keynote|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoEjYBRmQvI|language=en|access-date=2022-02-11|archive-date=2022-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211125731/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoEjYBRmQvI|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=seven/> Parts of Copland, such as an early version of the new file system, were demonstrated at Apple's [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] in May 1995. Apple promised that a beta release of Copland would be ready by the end of the year, for final commercial release in early 1996.<ref name=seven/>{{sfn|Crabbe|1995}} Gershwin would follow the next year.<ref name=long>[http://www.macworld.com/article/14568/2000/09/buzzwindingroad.html "The Long and Winding Road"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618224633/http://www.macworld.com/article/14568/2000/09/buzzwindingroad.html |date=2009-06-18 }}, ''MacWorld'', September 1, 2000</ref> Throughout the year, Apple released several [[mock-up]]s to various magazines showing what the new system would look like, and commented continually that the company was fully committed to this project. By the end of the year, however, no Developer Release had been produced.{{sfn|Crabbe|1995}} [[File:Copland open file dialog screenshot.png|right|frame|Copland's ''open file'' dialog box has a preview area on the right. The ''stacked folders'' area on the left is intended to provide a visual path to the current selection, but this was later abandoned as being too complex. The user is currently using a ''favorite'' location shortcut.]] As had happened during the development of Pink, developers within Apple soon started abandoning their own projects in order to work on the new system. Middle management and project leaders fought back by claiming that their project was vital to the success of the system, and moving it into the Copland development stream. Thus, it could not be canceled along with their employees being removed to work on some other part of Copland anyway.<ref name="PCWorld Project Failures">{{cite magazine |last=Widman |first=Jake |date=October 9, 2008 |title=Lessons Learned: IT's Biggest Project Failures |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/152103/it_project_failures.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105191809/http://www.pcworld.com/article/152103/it_project_failures.html |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |access-date=October 23, 2012 |magazine=PCWorld}}</ref> This process took on momentum across the next year. {{blockquote |"Anytime they saw something sexy it had to go into the OS." said Jeffrey Tarter, publisher of the software industry newsletter ''Softletter''. "There were little groups all over Apple doing fun things that had no earthly application to Apple's product line." What resulted was a vicious cycle: As the addition of features pushed back deadlines, Apple was compelled to promise still more functions to justify the costly delays. Moreover, this [[Sisyphean]] pattern persisted at a time when the company could scarcely afford to miss a step.<ref name=seven/>}} Soon the project looked less like a new operating system and more like a huge collection of new technologies; [[QuickDraw GX]], [[System Object Model]] (SOM), and [[OpenDoc]] became core components of the system,{{sfn|Duncan|1994}} while completely unrelated technologies like a new file management dialog box (the ''open dialog'') and ''[[Appearance Manager|themes]]'' support appeared also. The feature list grew much faster than the features could be completed, a classic case of creeping [[featuritis]].<ref name=seven>[https://www.cnet.com/news/macs-new-os-seven-years-in-the-making/ "Mac's new OS: Seven years in the making"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003221815/https://www.cnet.com/news/macs-new-os-seven-years-in-the-making/ |date=2016-10-03 }} ''cnet'', March 21, 2001</ref> An industry executive noted that "The game is to cut it down to the three or four most compelling features as opposed to having hundreds of nice-to-haves, I'm not sure that's happening."{{sfn|Burrows|1995}} As the "package" grew, testing it became increasingly difficult and engineers were commenting as early as 1995 that Apple's announced 1996 release date was hopelessly optimistic: "There's no way in hell Copland ships next year. I just hope it ships in 1997."{{sfn|Burrows|1995}} In mid-1996, information was leaked that Copland would have the ability to run applications written for other operating systems, including [[Windows NT]]. Simultaneously allegedly being confirmed by Copland engineers while being authoritatively denied by Copland project management, this feature had supposedly been in development for more than three years. One user claimed to have been told about these plans by members of the Copland development team. Some analysts projected that this ability would increase Apple's penetration into the enterprise market, others said it was "game over" and was only a sign of the Mac platform's irrelevancy.<ref name="Apple radical">{{cite magazine |title=Apple mulls radical shift: Macs may embrace Windows to entice enterprise |last=Picarille |first=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrz6PIR7f0oC&pg=PT116 |magazine=Computerworld |date=July 29, 1996 |access-date=July 17, 2019 |page=1 |archive-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919130658/https://books.google.com/books?id=rrz6PIR7f0oC&pg=PT116 |url-status=live }}</ref>
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