Editing Dacian language (section)

==== Romanian ====
{{See also|List of Romanian words of possible Dacian origin}}

The mainstream view among scholars is that Daco-Moesian forms the principal linguistic [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] of modern [[Romanian language|Romanian]], a neo-Latin ([[Romance languages|Romance]]) language, which evolved from eastern [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]] in the period AD 300–600, according to Georgiev.{{sfn|Georgiev|1977|p=287}} The possible residual influence of Daco-Moesian on modern Romanian is limited to a modest number of words and a few grammatical peculiarities.<ref>cf {{harvnb|Georgiev|1977|p={{Page needed|date=October 2021}}.}}</ref> According to Georgiev (1981), in Romanian there are about 70 words which have exact correspondences in Albanian, but the phonetic form of these Romanian words is so specific that they cannot be explained as Albanian borrowings. Georgiev claimed that these words belong to the Dacian substratum in Romanian, while their Albanian correspondences were inherited from Daco-Moesian.{{sfn|Georgiev|1981|p=142}}{{Clarify|reason=Isn't that a matter of definition? If the words in question were borrowed from Daco-Moesian, and if Albanian is descended from it, then they are still from an ancestral form of Albanian, just one that isn't usually called &quot;Albanian&quot;, just as the ancient form of Romance is usually called Latin or Vulgar Latin.|date=October 2012}}

As in the case of any Romance language, it is argued that Romanian language derived from [[Vulgar Latin]] through a series of internal linguistic changes and because of Dacian or northern Thracian influences on Vulgar Latin in the late Roman era. This influence explains a number of differences between the Romanian-Thracian substrate and the French-Celtic, Spanish-Basque, and Portuguese-Celtic substrates.{{sfn|Appel|Muysken|2006|p={{Page needed|date=October 2021}}}} Romanian has no major dialects, perhaps a reflection of its origin in a small mountain region, which was inaccessible but permitted easy internal communication. The history of Romanian is based on speculation because there are virtually no written records of the area from the time of the withdrawal of the Romans around 300&nbsp;AD until the end of the barbarian invasions around 1300&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Walters|1988|p=18}}

Many scholars, mostly Romanian, have conducted research into a Dacian linguistic substratum for the modern Romanian language. There is still not enough hard evidence for this. None of the few Dacian words known (mainly plant-names) and none of the [[List of reconstructed Dacian words|Dacian words reconstructed from placenames]] have specific correspondent words in Romanian (as opposed to general correspondents in several IE languages). DEX doesn't mention any Dacian etymology, just a number of terms of unknown origin. Most of these are assumed by several scholars to be of Dacian origin, but there is no strong proof that they are. They could, in some cases, also be of pre-Indo-European origin (i.e. truly indigenous, from [[Stone Age]] Carpathian languages), or, if clearly Indo-European, be of [[Sarmatian]] origin – but there's no proof for this either.
It seems plausible that a few Dacian words may have survived in the speech of the Carpathian inhabitants through successive changes in the region's predominant languages: Dacian/Celtic (to AD 100), Latin/Sarmatian (c. 100–300), Germanic (c. 300–500), Slavic/Turkic (c. 500–1300), up to the Romanian language when the latter became the predominant language in the region.

===== Substratum of Common Romanian =====
{{Main|Substrate in Romanian}}
{{See also|Daco-Romanian|Daco-Romanian continuity|Thraco-Roman}}

[[Image:Romani daci.jpg|upright=1.35|right|thumb|Blue = lands conquered by the [[Roman Empire]].<br />Red = area populated by Free Dacians.<br />Language map based on the range of Dacian toponyms.{{dubious|date=November 2013}}{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}]]

The Romanian language has been denoted "[[Daco-Romanian]]" by some scholars because it derives from late Latin superimposed on a Dacian substratum, and evolved in the Roman colony of Dacia between AD 106 and 275.{{sfn|Campbell|1998|p={{Page needed|date=October 2021}}}} Modern Romanian may contain 160–170 words of Dacian origin. By comparison, modern French, according to Bulei, has approximately 180 words of Celtic origin.{{sfn|Bulei|2005|p=26}} The Celtic origin of the French substratum is certain, as the Celtic languages are abundantly documented, whereas the Dacian origin of Romanian words is in most cases speculative.

It is also argued that the Dacian language may form the substratum of [[Common Romanian]], which developed from the [[Vulgar Latin]] spoken in the Balkans north of the [[Jirecek line]], which roughly divides Latin influence from Greek influence. About 300 words in [[Eastern Romance languages]], [[Daco-Romanian]], [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], [[Istro-Romanian language|Istro-Romanian]], may derive from Dacian, and many of these show a satem-reflex.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Whether Dacian forms the substratum of Common Romanian is disputed, yet this theory does not rely only on the Romanisation having occurred in Roman Dacia, as Dacian was also spoken in [[Moesia]] and northern [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]]. Moesia was conquered by the Romans more than a century before Dacia, and its Latinity is confirmed by Christian sources.{{sfn|Polomé|1983|p=539}}

[[Image:Language border (Matzinger).png|upright=1.35|left|thumb|The [[Jireček Line]], an imaginary line through the ancient [[Balkans]] that divided the influences of the [[Latin]] (in the north) and [[Greek language|Greek]] (in the south) languages until the 4th century. This line is important in establishing the Romanization area in Balkans]]
The Dacian / Thracian substratum of Romanian is often connected to the words shared between Romanian and Albanian. The correspondences between these languages reflect a common linguistic background.{{sfn|Polomé|1983|p=540}}