Editing Deep Blue (chess computer) (section)

=== Hardware ===
Deep Blue used custom [[VLSI]] chips to [[parallel computing|parallelize]] the [[alpha–beta pruning|alpha–beta search]] algorithm,<ref>{{Harvnb|Hsu|Campbell|Hoane|1995}} p. 240</ref> an example of [[symbolic AI]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenemeier |first=Larry |title=20 Years after Deep Blue: How AI Has Advanced Since Conquering Chess |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-deep-blue-how-ai-has-advanced-since-conquering-chess/ |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=Scientific American |language=en |archive-date=20 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220224453/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/20-years-after-deep-blue-how-ai-has-advanced-since-conquering-chess/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The system derived its playing strength mainly from [[brute-force search|brute force]] computing power. It was an [[IBM RS/6000 SP]], a [[supercomputer]] with a [[massively parallel]] architecture based on 30 [[PowerPC 600#PowerPC 604e|PowerPC 604e]] processors and 480 custom [[600 nm process|600&nbsp;nm]] [[CMOS]] VLSI "chess chips" designed to execute the chess-playing expert system, as well as [[Field-programmable gate array|FPGAs]] intended to allow patching of the VLSIs (which ultimately went unused) all housed in two cabinets. The chess chip has four parts: the move generator, the smart-move stack, the evaluation function, and the search control. The move generator is a 8x8 [[combinational logic]] circuit, a chess board in miniature.<ref name="ieee-1999">{{cite journal |last1=Hsu |first1=Feng-hsiung |title=IBM's Deep Blue Chess Grandmaster Chips |journal=IEEE Micro |date=March–April 1999 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–81 |doi=10.1109/40.755469 |url=http://www.csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/dps/pdf/ai-chess-deep.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228122752/http://www.csis.pace.edu/~ctappert/dps/pdf/ai-chess-deep.pdf |access-date=11 January 2022|archive-date=28 December 2004 }}</ref><ref name="cnet-1997">{{cite news |last1=Festa |first1=Paul |title=IBM upgrades Deep Blue |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/ibm-upgrades-deep-blue/ |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=Clnet |date=2 September 1997 |archive-date=3 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103234251/https://www.cnet.com/news/ibm-upgrades-deep-blue/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Gonsalves|2017|page=234}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hsu |first=Feng-hsiung |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aBMEAAAQBAJ |title=Behind Deep Blue: Building the Computer That Defeated the World Chess Champion |date=2022-05-03 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23514-1 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1997, Deep Blue was upgraded again to become the 259th most powerful [[supercomputer]] according to the [[TOP500]] list, achieving 11.38 [[GFLOPS]] on the [[LINPACK|parallel high performance LINPACK]] benchmark. Deeper Blue was capable of evaluating 200&nbsp;million positions per second, twice as many as the 1996 version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2009 |title=TOP500 List – June 1997 (201–300) |url=http://www.top500.org/list/1997/06/300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213103245/http://www.top500.org/list/1997/06/300 |archive-date=13 February 2009 |access-date=10 June 2020 |website=Top 500}}</ref>