Editing Defecation (section)

=== Bowel obstruction ===
{{main|Bowel obstruction}}
Bowel obstruction is a bowel condition which is a blockage that can be found in both the small intestines and large intestines. Increase of contractions can relieve blockages; however, continuous contractions with decreasing functionality may lead to terminated mobility of the small intestines, which then forms the obstruction. At the same time, the lack of contractility encourages liquid and gas accumulation.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|last1=Long|first1=Brit|last2=Robertson|first2=Jennifer|last3=Koyfman|first3=Alex|date=February 2019|title=Emergency Medicine Evaluation and Management of Small Bowel Obstruction: Evidence-Based Recommendations|journal=The Journal of Emergency Medicine|volume=56|issue=2|pages=166–176|doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.10.024|pmid=30527563|s2cid=54480601}}</ref> and "electrolyte disturbances".<ref name=":15">{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-40232-3.00072-8 |chapter=Small Bowel Obstruction |title=Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, 2 Volume Set |year=2019 |last1=Johnston |first1=Lily E. |last2=Hanks |first2=John B. |pages=842–850 |isbn=978-0-323-40232-3 |s2cid=81585148 }}</ref> Small bowel obstruction can result in severe renal damage and hypovolemia.<ref name=":15" /> while evolving into "mucosal ischemia and perforation".<ref name=":14" /> Patients with small bowel obstruction were found to experience constipation, strangulation and abdominal pain and vomiting.<ref name=":14" /> Surgical intervention is primarily used to cure severe small bowel obstruction condition. Nonoperative therapy included nasogastric tube decompression, water-soluble-contrast medium process or symptomatic management can be applied to treat less severe symptoms<ref name=":14" />

According to research, large bowel obstruction is less common than small bowel obstruction, but is still associated with a high mortality rate.<ref name=":16">{{cite journal |last1=Farkas |first1=Nicholas G. |last2=Welman |first2=Ted Joseph P. |last3=Ross |first3=Talisa |last4=Brown |first4=Sarah |last5=Smith |first5=Jason J. |last6=Pawa |first6=Nikhil |title=Unusual causes of large bowel obstruction |journal=Current Problems in Surgery |date=February 2019 |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=49–90 |doi=10.1067/j.cpsurg.2018.12.001 |pmid=30777150 |s2cid=59277670 }}</ref> Large bowel obstruction, also known as colonic obstruction, includes acute colonic obstruction, where a blockage is formed in the colon. Colonic obstructions frequently occur within the elder population, often accompanied by significant 'comorbidities'.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frago|first1=Ricardo|last2=Ramirez|first2=Elena|last3=Millan|first3=Monica|last4=Kreisler|first4=Esther|last5=Valle|first5=Emilio del|last6=Biondo|first6=Sebastiano|date=January 2014|title=Current management of acute malignant large bowel obstruction: a systematic review|journal=The American Journal of Surgery|volume=207|issue=1|pages=127–138|doi=10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.07.027|pmid=24124659}}</ref> Although colonic malignancy is revealed as the major cause of the colonic obstruction, volvulus has also been founded as a secondary common cause around the world.<ref name=":16" /> In addition, lower mobility, unhealthy mentality and restricted living environment are also listed as risk factors. Surgery and colonic stent placements are widely applied for curing colonic obstructions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Laboa|first1=Maria Navajas|last2=Calzada|first2=Aitor Orive|last3=Landaluce|first3=Aitor|last4=Estevez|first4=Inaki Zabalza|last5=Larena|first5=Jose Alejandro|last6=Arevalo-Serna|first6=Juan Antonio|last7=Bridet|first7=Lionel|last8=Lopez-Lopez|first8=Maria|last9=Burgos|first9=Soraya Torres|date=March 2015|title=Colonic obstruction caused by endometriosis solved with a colonic stent as a bridge to surgery|journal=Arab Journal of Gastroenterology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=33–35|doi=10.1016/j.ajg.2014.10.004|pmid=25791032}}</ref>