Editing Deliberative democracy (section)

=== Recent scholarship ===
[[File:Rally to Restore Sanity- Deliberative Democracy Now! (5130166257).jpg|thumb|Call for the establishment of deliberative democracy seen at the [[Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear]] ]]
The deliberative element of democracy was not widely studied by academics until the late 20th century. According to Professor Stephen Tierney, perhaps the earliest notable example of academic interest in the deliberative aspects of democracy occurred in [[John Rawls]] 1971 work ''[[A Theory of Justice]]''.<ref>[http://agc-wopac.agc.gov.my/e-docs/Journal/0000013841.pdf Constitutional referendums: a theoretical enquiry (2009)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091017/http://agc-wopac.agc.gov.my/e-docs/Journal/0000013841.pdf|date=2012-04-25}} by Prof Stephen Tierney (see esp. ft note 67)</ref> Joseph M. Bessette has been credited with coining the term "deliberative democracy" in his 1980 work ''Deliberative Democracy: The Majority Principle in Republican Government'',<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Folami |first=Akilah N. |date=Winter 2013 |title=Using the Press Clause to Amplify Civic Discourse beyond Mere Opinion Sharing |url=http://sites.temple.edu/lawreview/files/2013/03/Folami_85-Temp.-L.-Rev.-269.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023131721/http://sites.temple.edu/lawreview/files/2013/03/Folami_85-Temp.-L.-Rev.-269.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2014 |access-date=23 October 2014 |publisher=Temple Law Review}}</ref>{{sfn|Dryzek|2010|p=6}} and went on to elaborate and defend the notion in "The Mild Voice of Reason" (1994). In the 1990s, deliberative democracy began to attract substantial attention from political scientists.{{sfn|Dryzek|2010|p=6}} According to Professor [[John Dryzek]], early work on deliberative democracy was part of efforts to develop a theory of [[democratic legitimacy]].{{sfn|Dryzek|2010|p=21}} Theorists such as [[Carne Ross]] advocate deliberative democracy as a complete alternative to representative democracy. The more common view, held by contributors such as [[James Fishkin]], is that direct deliberative democracy can be complementary to traditional representative democracy. Others contributing to the notion of deliberative democracy include [[Carlos Nino]], [[Jon Elster]], Roberto Gargarella, [[John Gastil]], [[Jürgen Habermas]], [[David Held]], [[Joshua Cohen (philosopher)|Joshua Cohen]], [[Amy Gutmann]], [[Noëlle McAfee]], Rense Bos, [[Jane Mansbridge]], [[Jose Luis Marti]], [[Dennis Frank Thompson|Dennis Thompson]], Benny Hjern, Hal Koch, [[Seyla Benhabib]], [[Ethan Leib]], [[Charles Sabel]], [[Jeffrey K. Tulis]], [[David Estlund]], Mariah Zeisberg, Jeffrey L. McNairn, [[Iris Marion Young]], [[Robert B. Talisse]], and [[Hélène Landemore]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

Although political theorists took the lead in the study of deliberative democracy, political scientists have in recent years begun to investigate its processes. One of the main challenges currently is to discover more about the actual conditions under which the ideals of deliberative democracy are more or less likely to be realized.<ref>Thompson, Dennis F (2008). "Deliberative Democratic Theory and Empirical Political Science," ''Annual Review of Political Science'' 11: 497-520. {{ISBN|978-0824333119}}</ref>

Drawing on the work of [[Hannah Arendt]], Shmuel Lederman laments the fact that "deliberation and [[agonism]] have become almost two different schools of thought" that are discussed as "mutually exclusive conceptions of politics"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lederman |first1=Shmuel |date=September 2014 |title=Agonism and Deliberation in Arendt |journal=Constellations |volume=21 |issue=3 |page=335 |doi=10.1111/1467-8675.12096}}</ref> as seen in the works of [[Chantal Mouffe]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mouffe |first1=Chantal |title=Chantal Mouffe: hegemony, radical democracy, and the political |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415825221 |location=London}}</ref> [[Ernesto Laclau]], and [[William E. Connolly]]. Giuseppe Ballacci argues that agonism and deliberation are not only compatible but mutually dependent:<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ballacci |first1=Giuseppe |date=1 December 2019 |title=Deliberative Agonism and Agonistic Deliberation in Hannah Arendt |journal=Theoria |volume=66 |issue=161 |page=20 |doi=10.3167/th.2019.6616101 |s2cid=213045202}}</ref> "a properly understood agonism requires the use of deliberative skills but also that even a strongly deliberative politics could not be completely exempt from some of the consequences of agonism".

Most recently, scholarship has focused on the emergence of a 'systemic approach' to the study of deliberation. This suggests that the deliberative capacity of a democratic system needs to be understood through the interconnection of the variety of sites of deliberation which exist, rather than any single setting.<ref>Owen, D. And Smith, G. (2015). "Survey article: Deliberation, democracy, and the systemic turn." "Journal of Political Philosophy" 23.2: 213-234</ref> Some studies have conducted experiments to examine how deliberative democracy addresses the problems of sustainability and [[Intergenerational equity|underrepresentation of future generations]].<ref>Koirala, P. Timilsina, R. R., Kotani, K. (2021). "Experiment article: Deliberative forms of democracy and intergenerational sustainability dilemma." "Sustainability" 13.13: 7377</ref> Although not always the case, participation in deliberation has been found to shift participants opinions in favour of environmental positions.{{sfn|Fishkin|2011|p=x}}{{sfn|Smith|2003|loc=Chapter 4}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-03 |title=EuroPolis proves that debate does change European citizens' attitudes |url=http://europolis-project.eu/media/21/europolis-proves-that-debate-does-change-european-citizens-attitudes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317110134/http://europolis-project.eu/media/21/europolis-proves-that-debate-does-change-european-citizens-attitudes |archive-date=2012-03-17 |access-date=2012-01-14 |publisher=EuroPolis}}
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