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===Dictionaries for natural language processing=== {{further|Machine-readable dictionary}} In contrast to traditional dictionaries, which are designed to be used by human beings, dictionaries for [[natural language processing]] (NLP) are built to be used by computer programs. The final user is a human being but the direct user is a program. Such a dictionary does not need to be able to be printed on paper. The structure of the content is not linear, ordered entry by entry but has the form of a complex network (see [[Diathesis alternation]]). Because most of these dictionaries are used to control [[machine translation]]s or [[cross-lingual information retrieval]] (CLIR) the content is usually multilingual and usually of huge size. In order to allow formalized exchange and merging of dictionaries, an ISO standard called [[Lexical Markup Framework]] (LMF) has been defined and used among the industrial and academic community.<ref>Imad Zeroual, and Abdelhak Lakhouaja, "Data science in light of natural language processing: An overview." ''Procedia Computer Science'' 127 (2018): 82-91 [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918301121/pdf?md5=2501a29a5fec8aad57d82102639b8631&pid=1-s2.0-S1877050918301121-main.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222054608/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877050918301121/pdf?md5=2501a29a5fec8aad57d82102639b8631&pid=1-s2.0-S1877050918301121-main.pdf |date=22 February 2022 }}.</ref>
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