Editing Dushanbe (section)

== Geography ==
[[File:Dushambe 68.77989E 38.58624N.jpg|thumb|Dushanbe in the [[Gissar Valley]]]]

Dushanbe is situated at the confluence of two rivers, the [[Varzob River|Varzob]] (flowing from north to south) and the [[Kofarnihon River|Kofarnihon]]. It is {{Convert|750|m|feet}}–{{Convert|930|m|feet}} above sea level; in the south and west, the elevation is closer to {{Convert|750|m|feet}}–{{Convert|800|m|feet}}, while in the north and northeast it reaches {{Convert|900|m|feet}}–{{Convert|950|m|feet}}. The north and east of the city is bounded by the [[Gissar Range|Gissar range]], which can reach up to {{Convert|4000|m|feet}} above sea level, and is bounded on the south by the [[Babatag Range|Babatag]], Aktau, Rangontau and Karatau mountains which reach a height from {{Convert|1400|m|feet}}–{{Convert|1700|m|feet}} above sea level; Dushanbe, therefore, is an [[intermontane basin]] located in the [[Gissar Valley]].<ref name="Dushanbe twinning" /><ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004" /> It has a primarily hilly terrain. 80% of Dushanbe's buildings are located within the valley, which has a width of approximately {{Convert|18|km|mi}}–{{Convert|100|km|mi}}.<ref name="Sharifovich-2019">{{Cite book|last=ХУРСАНД МИРЗОШОЕВИЧ|first=ТАЛБОНОВ|url=https://tnu.tj/DisserPhD/6D.KOA-024/TalbonovKhM/TalbonovKhM.pdf|title=БИОТОПИЧЕСКОЕ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЯ ПТИЦ ГОРОДА ДУШАНБЕ|pages=17–22|access-date=18 September 2020|archive-date=3 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203185444/http://www.tnu.tj/DisserPhD/6D.KOA-024/TalbonovKhM/TalbonovKhM.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://static.freereferats.ru/_avtoreferats/01003368308.pdf|title=ИСТОРИЯ СТАНОВЛЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ЗДАНИЙ ДУШАНБЕ (1924 началдх2000 гг.)|page=13}}</ref> Before the 1960s, most of Dushanbe was located on the left bank of the [[Varzob River|Varzob river]], but increased construction led to the city expanding across it.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|year=2004|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|language=ru|trans-title=Dushanbe Encyclopedia|chapter=Natural Conditions|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Dushanbe seismic map.png|thumb|Seismic map of Dushanbe]]
Dushanbe is located in an area with high [[seismicity]]. The [[Moment magnitude scale|magnitude]] of potential earthquakes is thought to reach a maximum of 7.5-8. Over the past 100 years, many earthquakes from a 5-6 magnitude have been felt in the city, such as the [[1949 Khait earthquake]].<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hakimov|first1=Farkhod|last2=Domej|first2=Gisela|last3=Ischuk|first3=Anatoly|last4=Reicherter|first4=Klaus|last5=Cauchie|first5=Lena|last6=Havenith|first6=Hans-Balder|date=2021-03-31|title=Site Amplification Analysis of Dushanbe City Area, Tajikistan to Support Seismic Microzonation|journal=Geosciences|volume=11|issue=4|page=154|doi=10.3390/geosciences11040154|bibcode=2021Geosc..11..154H|issn=2076-3263|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hakimov|first1=Farkhod|last2=Havenith|first2=Hans-Balder|last3=Ischuk|first3=Anatoly|last4=Reicherter|first4=Klaus|date=2024-04-26|title=Site Assessment of Site Effects and Numerical Modeling of Seismic Ground Motion to Support Seismic Microzonation of Dushanbe City, Tajikistan|journal=Geosciences|volume=14|issue=5|page=139|doi=10.3390/geosciences14050117|bibcode=2024Geosc..14..117H|issn=2076-3263|doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Dushanbe features a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: [[Hot-summer Mediterranean climate|Csa]]),<ref name="Koeppen">{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |page=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |pmid=30375988 |pmc=6207062|issn=2052-4463|bibcode=2018NatSD...580214B}}</ref> with some [[humid continental climate]] influences ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Dsa) due to the nearby [[glacier]]s and mountain range.<ref name="Dushanbe twinning" /><ref name="Koeppen" /> The city features hot summers and chilly winters. The climate is damper than other Central Asian capitals, with an average annual rainfall over {{convert|500|mm|in|0}} as moist air is funneled by the surrounding valley during the winter and spring. Winters are not as cold as north of the [[Gissar Range]] owing to the shielding of the city by mountains from extremely cold air from [[Siberia]]. Snow occurs on an average of 25 days a year and cloudy days make up an average of 24 a year.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav012408.shtml|title=Tajikistan: Citizens Ponder Bleak Future Amid Harsh Winter - Eurasianet.Org<!-- Bot generated title -->|access-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034901/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav012408.shtml|archive-date=1 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, precipitation in winter typically falls as rain and not snow. The surrounding mountains prohibit strong winds from entering the city, although there are consistent mild breezes.<ref name="Davidzon-1983c">{{Cite book|last=M.|first=Davidzon|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11399951|title=Dushanbe, a guide|date=1983|publisher=Raduga|pages=6–7|oclc=11399951}}</ref>

Winter in Dushanbe begins on 7 December and ends on 22 February; spring starts on 22 February and ends on 17 May. During springtime, [[cyclone]]s and rain are at their highest along with thunderstorms and hail, which causes significant damage and occurs for around 3 days per year.<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004" /> Summer starts on 17 May and ends on 14 August, the best period for agriculture.<ref name="Davidzon-1983c" /> Dry weather sets in during this, as evidenced by a sharp drop in precipitation during the summer. A warm and dry autumn begins on 14 August and ends on 7 December.<ref name="Sharifovich-2019" />

{{Weather box
|location = Dushanbe (1991–2020, extremes 1926–present)
|width = auto
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 21.8
|Feb record high C = 27.7
|Mar record high C = 32.2
|Apr record high C = 36.2
|May record high C = 38.8
|Jun record high C = 44.1
|Jul record high C = 43.7
|Aug record high C = 45.0
|Sep record high C = 38.9
|Oct record high C = 36.8
|Nov record high C = 31.9
|Dec record high C = 24.3
|year record high C = 45.0
|Jan high C = 9.0
|Feb high C = 11.0
|Mar high C = 17.0
|Apr high C = 22.8
|May high C = 27.9
|Jun high C = 33.6
|Jul high C = 36.4
|Aug high C = 35.5
|Sep high C = 31.3
|Oct high C = 24.4
|Nov high C = 16.7
|Dec high C = 11.1
|year high C = 23.1
|Jan mean C = 3.1
|Feb mean C = 5.0
|Mar mean C = 10.5
|Apr mean C = 15.8
|May mean C = 20.1
|Jun mean C = 25.1
|Jul mean C = 27.4
|Aug mean C = 26.0
|Sep mean C = 21.2
|Oct mean C = 14.7
|Nov mean C = 9.0
|Dec mean C = 4.6
|year mean C = 15.2
|Jan low C = -0.9
|Feb low C = 0.5
|Mar low C = 5.5
|Apr low C = 10.1
|May low C = 13.4
|Jun low C = 17.2
|Jul low C = 18.9
|Aug low C = 17.2
|Sep low C = 12.7
|Oct low C = 7.8
|Nov low C = 3.8
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 8.9
|Jan record low C = −26.6
|Feb record low C = −17.6
|Mar record low C = −12.9
|Apr record low C = -6.1
|May record low C = 1.2
|Jun record low C = 8.4
|Jul record low C = 10.9
|Aug record low C = 8.2
|Sep record low C = -1.0
|Oct record low C = −4.4
|Nov record low C = −13.5
|Dec record low C = −19.5
|year record low C = −26.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 61
|Feb precipitation mm = 94
|Mar precipitation mm = 103
|Apr precipitation mm = 114
|May precipitation mm = 77
|Jun precipitation mm = 17
|Jul precipitation mm = 3
|Aug precipitation mm = 1
|Sep precipitation mm = 4
|Oct precipitation mm = 29
|Nov precipitation mm = 55
|Dec precipitation mm = 60
|year precipitation mm = 
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 8.5
|Feb precipitation days = 9.1
|Mar precipitation days = 13.4
|Apr precipitation days = 9.8
|May precipitation days = 7.8
|Jun precipitation days = 1.5
|Jul precipitation days = 0.7
|Aug precipitation days = 0.1
|Sep precipitation days = 0.8
|Oct precipitation days = 3.7
|Nov precipitation days = 5.3
|Dec precipitation days = 8.1
|year precipitation days = 68.8
|Jan humidity = 69
|Feb humidity = 67
|Mar humidity = 65
|Apr humidity = 63
|May humidity = 57
|Jun humidity = 42
|Jul humidity = 41
|Aug humidity = 44
|Sep humidity = 44
|Oct humidity = 56
|Nov humidity = 63
|Dec humidity = 69
|year humidity = 57
|Jan sun = 120
|Feb sun = 121
|Mar sun = 156
|Apr sun = 198
|May sun = 281
|Jun sun = 337
|Jul sun = 352
|Aug sun = 338
|Sep sun = 289
|Oct sun = 224
|Nov sun = 164
|Dec sun = 119
|year sun = 2699
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name = Pogoda >
{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/38836.htm
| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Dushanbe
| publisher = Weather and Climate
| language = ru
| access-date = 28 October 2021}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]] (humidity 1951–1993 and precipitation days 1961–1990)<ref name = DWD>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_388360_kt.pdf
| title = Klimatafel von Duschanbe / Tadschikistan
| work = Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world
| publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst
| language = de
| access-date = 18 February 2016}}</ref> NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/TK/38836.TXT
| title = Dushanbe Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = 18 February 2016
| archive-date = 29 October 2021
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211029033530/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_II/TK/38836.TXT
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
|date=August 2010
}}

=== Flora and fauna ===
Before the 20th century, the city had some vegetation such as bushes of Bukhara almonds, but the creation of the city mostly removed natural vegetation. The [[green belt]], however, and the botanical garden introduced new vegetation to the city. The city has over 150 species of trees and shrubs, with only about 15 native to the city<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004" /> and 22% of the city being occupied by green space.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Environmental Protection|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65068362|title=Dushanbe : ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡|publisher=Glavnai︠a︡ nauchnai︠a︡ redakt︠s︡ii︠a︡ Tadzhikskoĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnoĭ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii|others=Dinorshoev, Muso.|year=2004|isbn=5-89870-071-4|location=Dushanbe|oclc=65068362|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028115236/http://dushanbe.tj/img/ENS.doc|archive-date=28 October 2010}}</ref>

There are 14 identified species of mammals in urban Dushanbe, including a fox, a weasel, the [[marbled polecat]], the [[long-eared hedgehog]], five bats, and five rodents. There are 130 identified bird species in the city, such as [[rock pigeons]], [[blue pigeon]]s, and [[Turtle Doves|turtle doves]]. Migratory birds are common, often staying only in fall and summer. There are 47 identified reptiles in Dushanbe, such as [[gecko]]s, [[snake]]s, [[lizard]]s, and [[turtle]]s. [[Amphibian]]s, like the [[marsh frog]] and the [[Bufotes|green toad]], live in the cleaner water bodies of the city. The 14 identified fish species of Dushanbe live in the rivers, lakes, and ponds of the city. Some species are the [[Schizothorax|marinka]], the Tajik [[Char (fish)|char]], and the [[Glyptosternon|Turkestan catfish]] in the [[Varzob River|Varzob rivers]], along with 7 in the [[Kofarnihon River|Kofarnikhon]], and species like [[carp]], [[goldfish]], [[Striped shiner|striped swine]], and [[Mosquitofish|mosquito fish]] in the lakes and ponds. 300 identified species of insects inhabit the city, mostly [[cicada]]s, [[Psyllidae|psyllids]], [[aphid]]s, [[scale insect]]s, [[Bug (insect)|bugs]], [[beetle]]s, and [[Butterfly|butterflies]]. The [[Endemism|endemic]] Hissar grape hawk moth lives in the city as well, and [[malaria]]-carrying insects have been increasing in the city. [[Phytonematodes]] are a menace to plants in the city, with 55 distinct identified species, the most damaging of which are the [[root gall nematode]]s. Rare or endangered species include the [[List of Tachysphex species|radiant tachysphex]], the white-bellied arrow [[eagle]], and the [[European free-tailed bat]].<ref name="Dushanbe Encyc-2004" />

===Districts===
[[File:Административное деление Душанбе.png|alt=|thumb|Districts of Dushanbe before the 2020 expansion<br />Dark Green: [[Mansur I|Shah Mansur]]<br />Purple: [[Ismail Samani]]<br />Light Green: [[Avicenna]]<br />Yellow: [[Ferdowsi]]]]

Dushanbe is divided into the following districts:
{| class="wikitable"
!District name
!Former name
!Area,
km<sup>2</sup> (2020)<ref name="Dushanbe-2019">{{Cite web|title=/ Исполнительный орган государственной власти города Душанбе|url=https://www.dushanbe.tj/ru/ma-lumoti-umum-|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.dushanbe.tj}}</ref><ref name="Вечёрка-2020">{{Cite web|last=Вечёрка|date=2020-07-27|title=География Душанбе в цифрах|url=https://vecherka.tj/archives/45801|access-date=2020-09-18|website=Вечёрка|language=ru}}{{unreliable source?|date=January 2024}}</ref>
!Population,
persons (as of previous 2019 borders)<ref name="Dushanbe-2019" />
!District Chairman<ref>{{Cite web|title=Тақсимоти маъмурӣ / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе|url=https://www.dushanbe.tj/administrativnoe-delenie|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.dushanbe.tj}}</ref>
|-
|[[Ismail Samani]] ({{langx|tg|Исмоили Сомонӣ}}, ''Ismoili Somoni''; {{langx|fa|{{Script/Arabic|اسماعیل سامانی‌}}}})
|October (Октябрьский)
|37.6
|148,700
|Sami Sharif Hamid
|-
|[[Avicenna]] (Sino) ({{langx|tg|Абӯалӣ Ибни Сино}}, ''Abūali Ibni Sino''; {{langx|fa|{{Script/Arabic|ابوعلی ابن سینا‌}}}})
|Frunzensky (Фрунзенский)
|62.2
|326,100
|Salimzoda Nusratullo Faizullo
|-
|[[Ferdowsi]] ({{langx|tg|Фирдавсӣ}}, ''Firdavsi''; {{langx|fa|{{Script/Arabic|فردوسی‌}}}})
|Central (Центральный)
|54.5
|209,000
|Yusufi Muhammadrahim
|-
|[[Mansur I|Shah Mansur]] ({{langx|tg|Шоҳмансур}}, ''Shohmansur''; {{langx|fa|{{Script/Arabic|شاه منصور‌}}}})<ref name="About Dushanbe"/>
|Railway (Железнодорожный)
|48.9
|162,600
|Bilol Ibrohim
|}
In 2020, the city's boundaries were expanded to take in land from [[Rudaki District]] in the southwest.<ref name="Вечёрка-2020" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Land use in Dushanbe as of 2020
!Land
!Area ([[Hectare|ha]])<ref name="Вечёрка-2020" />
|-
|Irrigated land
|2,091.75 
|-
|Orchards
|145.21 
|-
|Silk gardens
|12.28 
|-
|Citrus orchards
|2.10 
|-
|Pastures
|25.79 
|-
|Settlements
|6390.85 
|-
|Private farms/gardens
|65.79 
|-
|Swamp
|3.7 
|-
|Bush thickets
|1372.0026 
|-
|Reservoirs
|1436.66 
|-
|Underground passages
|310.2 
|-
|Construction
|7227.51 
|-
|Land not used for agriculture
|1235.03 
|}

===Main sights===
Some of Dushanbe's major sights include the [[Tajikistan National Museum]]; the [[National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan|National Museum of Antiquities]]; the [[Ismaili Centre, Dushanbe|Ismaili Centre]]; [[Vahdat Palace]]; the [[Dushanbe Flagpole]], which is the second tallest free-standing flagpole in the world, at a height of {{Convert|165|m|ft|0|abbr=off}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Tallest unsupported flagpole |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=14 December 2011 |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-1/tallest-unsupported-flagpole |publisher=Guinness World Records}}</ref> the [[Dushanbe Zoo]]; [[Rudaki Avenue]], the main street of the capital; the [[Gurminj Museum|Gurminj Museum of Musical Instruments]]; and the National Library, the largest in Central Asia, with 3.11 million copies of books.<ref name="CICA Summit-2019" /><ref name="Dushanbe-2021a">{{Cite web|title=Шиносномаи шаҳр / Сомонаи расмии Мақомоти иҷроияи ҳокимияти давлатии шаҳри Душанбе|url=http://dushanbe.tj/pasport-goroda|access-date=2021-04-07|website=dushanbe.tj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanistan.com/tajikistan/center/dushanbe/|title=Dushanbe travel guide|website=Caravanistan|access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref><gallery mode="nolines" widths="220" heights="160" class="center" caption="Main sights of Dushanbe">
File:National Museum of Tajikistan (8).jpg|[[Tajikistan National Museum|National Museum of Tajikistan]]
File:Puppet theatre in Dushanbe.jpg|Puppet Theater
File:National Museum of Antiquities 20141007 Tajikistan 1427 crop Dushanbe (16070647428).jpg|[[National Museum of Antiquities of Tajikistan|National Museum of Antiquities]]
File:Rudaki Avenue sidewalk, Dushanbe 02.jpg|Rudaki Avenue
File:Flagpole, Tajkistan.jpg|[[Dushanbe Flagpole]]
</gallery>