Editing Dutch-language literature (section)

==The 20th century==

In common with the rest of [[Europe]], the [[Netherlands]] of the nineteenth century effectively remained unchanged until [[World War I]] (1914–1918). Belgium was invaded by the [[German Empire]]; the Netherlands faced severe [[recession|economic difficulties]] owing to its policy of [[Neutral country|neutrality]] and consequent political isolation, wedged as it was between the two warring sides.

Both the Belgian and Dutch societies emerged from the war [[pillarisation|pillarised]], meaning that each of the main religious and ideological movements (Protestant, Catholic, Socialist and Liberal) stood independent of the rest, each operating its own newspapers, magazines, schools, broadcasting organizations and so on in a form of self-imposed, non-racial segregation. This in turn affected literary movements, as writers gathered around the literary magazines of each of the four "pillars" (limited to three in Belgium, as Protestantism never took root there).

One of the most important historical writers of the 20th century was [[Johan Huizinga]], who is known abroad and translated in different languages and included in several [[great books]] lists. His written works were influenced by the literary figures of the early 20th century.

* [[Hendrik Marsman]]
* [[Adriaan Roland Holst]]
* [[J. van Oudshoorn]]
* [[Arthur van Schendel]]
* [[Hendrik de Vries]]
* [[Jacobus van Looy]]

===New Objectivity and the Forum Group (1925–1940)===
During the 1920s, a new group of writers who distanced themselves from the ornate style of the Movement of 1880 arose, claiming it to be too self-centered and distanced from real life. Their movement was called "Nieuwe Zakelijkheid", or New Objectivity. An isolated forerunner is the figure of [[Nescio]] (J.H.F. Grönloh, 1882–1961), who published his few short stories in the 1910s. A prime example of New Objectivity is [[Ferdinand Bordewijk|F. Bordewijk]] (1884–1965), whose short story ''Bint'' (1931) and terse writing epitomise the style.

An offshoot of the New Objectivity movement centered on the ''Forum'' magazine, which appeared in the years 1932–1935 and was edited by the leading Dutch [[literary criticism|literary critic]] [[Menno ter Braak]] (1902–1940) and the novelist [[Edgar du Perron]] (1899–1940). Writers associated at one point or other with this modernist magazine include Belgian writers [[Willem Elsschot]] and [[Marnix Gijsen]] and Dutch writers [[J. Slauerhoff]], [[Simon Vestdijk]] and [[Jan Greshoff]].

===Second World War and Occupation (1940–1945)===
{{see also|History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)|History of Belgium#World War II|l1=History of Belgium (1939-1945)}}

The [[Second World War]] marked an abrupt change in the Dutch literary landscape. Casualties of the start of the German occupation included Du Perron (heart attack), Ter Braak (suicide) and Marsman (drowned while trying to escape to the [[United Kingdom]]); many other writers were forced into hiding or rounded up in [[Nazi concentration camp]]s, such as Vestdijk. Many writers ceased publishing as a consequence of refusing to join the German-installed Kultuurkamer (Chamber of Culture), which intended to regulate cultural life in the Netherlands. Jewish-born writer [[Josef Cohen]] escaped prosecution by converting to [[Christianity]]; aspiring writer [[Anne Frank]] (whose [[The Diary of a Young Girl|diary]] was published posthumously) died in a German [[concentration camp]], as did [[crime fiction]] writer, [[journalist]] and [[poet]] [[Jan Campert]], who was arrested for aiding Jews and died in 1943 in [[Neuengamme concentration camp|Neuengamme]]. His poem ''De achttien dooden'' ("The eighteen dead"), written from the point of view of a captured [[Dutch Resistance|resistance member]] awaiting his execution, has become the most famous example of war-related Dutch literature.

===Modern times (1945&ndash;present)===
[[File:Hella Haasse.jpg|thumb|[[Hella S. Haasse]]]]
Writers who had lived through the atrocities of the Second World War reflected in their works on the changed perception of reality. Obviously many looked back on their experiences the way [[Anne Frank]] had done in her Diary, this was the case with ''Het bittere kruid'' (The bitter herb) of [[Marga Minco]], and ''Kinderjaren'' (Childhood) of [[Jona Oberski]]. The renewal, which in literary history would be described as "ontluisterend realisme" (shocking realism), is mainly associated with three authors: [[Gerard Reve]], [[W.F. Hermans]] and [[Anna Blaman]]. Idealism seems to have disappeared from their prose, now marked by the description of raw reality, inhumanity, with great attention to physicality and sexuality. An obvious example is "[[De Avonden]]" (The evenings) of Gerard Reve, analysing the disillusionment of an adolescent during the "wederopbouw", the period of rebuilding after the destruction of World War II. In Flanders, [[Louis Paul Boon]] and [[Hugo Claus]] were the main representatives of this new literary trend.

[[File:Harry Mulisch 2010.JPG|left|thumb|[[Harry Mulisch]] in 2010]]

*Netherlands: [[Vijftigers]], [[Lucebert]], [[Hans Lodeizen]], [[Jules Deelder]], [[J. Bernlef]], [[Remco Campert]], [[Hella S. Haasse]], [[Eric de Kuyper]], [[M. Vasalis]], [[Leo Vroman]], [[Harry Mulisch]], [[Willem Frederik Hermans]], [[Gerard Reve]], [[Jan Wolkers]], [[Rudy Kousbroek]], [[Gerrit Komrij]], [[Tessa de Loo]], [[Cees Nooteboom]], [[Maarten 't Hart]], [[A.F.Th. van der Heijden]], [[Rutger Kopland]], [[H.H. ter Balkt]], [[Gerrit Krol]], [[Connie Palmen]], [[Geert Mak]], [[J.J. Voskuil]], [[Arnon Grunberg]], [[Joost Zwagerman]], [[Tjalie Robinson]], [[Marion Bloem]], [[Ernst Jansz]], [[Beb Vuyk]], [[Maria Dermout]], [[Adriaan van Dis]].
*Flanders: [[Gerard Walschap]], [[Louis Paul Boon]], [[Hugo Claus]], [[Jef Geeraerts]], [[Tom Lanoye]], [[Erwin Mortier]], [[Dimitri Verhulst]], [[Jotie T'Hooft]], [[Herman Brusselmans]], [[Tom Naegels]], [[Kristien Hemmerechts]], [[Herman de Coninck]], [[Marnix Gijsen]], [[Jos Vandeloo]]
*Suriname: [[Wim Bos Verschuur]], [[Hugo Pos]], [[Corly Verlooghen]], [[Ellen Ombre]]