Editing Dwarf elephant (section)

==Indonesia and the Philippines==
In Indonesia and the Philippines, evidence of a succession of distinct endemic island faunas has been found, including dwarfed elephants and species of ''[[Stegodon]]''.

===Flores===
[[File:Dwarf stegodon size comparison.svg|thumb|300x300px|Size comparison of dwarf Flores ''Stegodon'' species compared to a human]]
During the late Early Pleistocene, Flores was inhabited by the dwarf species ''Stegodon sondaarii'', around 15% of the size of mainland ''Stegodon'' species, which was around {{convert|120|cm|ft||abbr=on}} tall at the shoulder and weighed about {{Convert|350-400|kg|lb}}. This species became extinct around 1 million years ago,<ref name="proboscideans">{{Cite journal |last1=Larramendi |first1=A. |year=2016 |title=Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app61/app001362014.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=61 |doi=10.4202/app.00136.2014 |s2cid=2092950}}</ref><ref name="van den Bergh-2022" /><ref name="Geer-2016" /> being replaced by ''Stegodon florensis. Stegodon florensis'' shows a progressive size reduction with time, with the earlier Middle Pleistocene subspecies ''Stegodon florensis florensis'' estimated to be around 50% the size of mainland ''Stegodon'' species with a shoulder height of around {{convert|190|cm|ft||abbr=on}} and a body mass of around 1.7 tons, while the later ''Stegodon florensis insularis'' from the Late Pleistocene is estimated to be around 17% the size of mainland ''Stegodon'' species, with a shoulder height of around {{convert|130|cm|ft||abbr=on}}, and a body mass of about {{Convert|570|kg|lb}}<ref name="Geer-2016" /><ref>Puspaningrum, Mika; Van Den Bergh, Gerrit; Chivas, Allan; Setiabudi, Erick; Kurniawan, Iwan; Brumm, Adam; and Sutikna, Thomas, "[https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/2035 Preliminary results of dietary and environmental reconstructions of Early to Middle Pleistocene Stegodons from the So'a Basin of Flores, Indonesia, based on enamel stable isotope records]" (2014). Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers: part A. 2035.</ref> ''Stegodon florensis'' became extinct about 50,000 years ago, around the time of the arrival of modern humans to Flores.<ref name="van den Bergh-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=van den Bergh |first1=Gerrit D. |last2=Alloway |first2=Brent V. |last3=Storey |first3=Michael |last4=Setiawan |first4=Ruly |last5=Yurnaldi |first5=Dida |last6=Kurniawan |first6=Iwan |last7=Moore |first7=Mark W. |last8=Jatmiko |last9=Brumm |first9=Adam |last10=Flude |first10=Stephanie |last11=Sutikna |first11=Thomas |last12=Setiyabudi |first12=Erick |last13=Prasetyo |first13=Unggul W. |last14=Puspaningrum |first14=Mika R. |last15=Yoga |first15=Ifan |date=October 2022 |title=An integrative geochronological framework for the Pleistocene So'a basin (Flores, Indonesia), and its implications for faunal turnover and hominin arrival |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379122003523 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=294 |pages=107721 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107721|hdl=10072/418777 |s2cid=252290750 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

===Sulawesi===
During the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene on Sulawesi, two species of dwarf proboscidean coinhabited the island, the elephant [[Stegoloxodon|''Stegoloxodon celebensis'']], and ''Stegodon sompoensis.<ref name="Vos-2007">{{Citation |last1=Vos |first1=John de |title=Patterns in Insular Evolution of Mammals: A Key to Island Palaeogeography |date=2007 |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_10 |work=Biogeography, Time, and Place: Distributions, Barriers, and Islands |volume=29 |pages=315–345 |editor-last=Renema |editor-first=Willem |access-date=2023-08-10 |place=Dordrecht |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-6374-9_10 |isbn=978-1-4020-6373-2 |last2=Ostende |first2=Lars W. van den Hoek |last3=Bergh |first3=Gert D. van den|series=Topics in Geobiology |url-access=subscription }}</ref>'' The former was about {{convert|150|cm|ft||abbr=on}} tall,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Alink |first1=Gerrit |last2=Adhityatama |first2=Shinatria |last3=Simanjuntak |first3=Truman |date=2017-12-29 |title=The Descriptive Analysis of Palaeolithic Stone Tools from Sulawesi, Collected by the Indonesian-Dutch Expedition in 1970 |url=http://jurnalarkeologi.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/amerta/article/view/252 |journal=AMERTA |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=75 |doi=10.24832/amt.v35i2.252|doi-access=free }}</ref> while the latter was around 32% the size of mainland ''Stegodon'' species, with an estimated body mass of about a ton.<ref name="Geer-2016" /> Later in the Pleistocene, these animals were replaced by larger-sized species of ''Stegodon'' and elephants,<ref name="Vos-2007" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Brumm |first1=Adam |last2=Hakim |first2=Budianto |last3=Ramli |first3=Muhammad |last4=Aubert |first4=Maxime |last5=van den Bergh |first5=Gerrit D. |last6=Li |first6=Bo |last7=Burhan |first7=Basran |last8=Saiful |first8=Andi Muhammad |last9=Siagian |first9=Linda |last10=Sardi |first10=Ratno |last11=Jusdi |first11=Andi |last12=Abdullah |last13=Mubarak |first13=Andi Pampang |last14=Moore |first14=Mark W. |last15=Roberts |first15=Richard G. |date=2018-04-11 |editor-last=Hardy |editor-first=Karen |title=A reassessment of the early archaeological record at Leang Burung 2, a Late Pleistocene rock-shelter site on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=e0193025 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0193025 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=5894965 |pmid=29641524 |doi-access=free }}</ref> with an indeterminate ''Stegodon'' species from the Middle Pleistocene of Sulawesi being around 57% the size of mainland species, with an estimated bodymass of about 2 tons.<ref name="Geer-2016" />

===Java===
The species ''Stegodon trigonocephalus'' is known from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of Java.<ref name="Puspaningrum-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Puspaningrum |first1=Mika R. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=Gerrit D. |last3=Chivas |first3=Allan R. |last4=Setiabudi |first4=Erick |last5=Kurniawan |first5=Iwan |date=January 2020 |title=Isotopic reconstruction of Proboscidean habitats and diets on Java since the Early Pleistocene: Implications for adaptation and extinction |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379119303178 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=228 |pages=106007 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.106007|s2cid=212876762 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A population from the Trinil H.K locality, which likely dates to the Middle Pleistocene,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=L. Hilgen |first1=Sander |last2=Pop |first2=Eduard |last3=Adhityatama |first3=Shinatria |last4=A. Veldkamp |first4=Tom |last5=W.K. Berghuis |first5=Harold |last6=Sutisna |first6=Indra |last7=Yurnaldi |first7=Dida |last8=Dupont-Nivet |first8=Guillaume |last9=Reimann |first9=Tony |last10=Nowaczyk |first10=Norbert |last11=F. Kuiper |first11=Klaudia |last12=Krijgsman |first12=Wout |last13=B. Vonhof |first13=Hubert |last14=Ekowati |first14=Dian Rahayu |last15=Alink |first15=Gerrit |date=February 2023 |title=Revised age and stratigraphy of the classic Homo erectus-bearing succession at Trinil (Java, Indonesia) |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=301 |pages=107908 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107908|doi-access=free |hdl=1887/3515249 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> is around 65% the size of mainland ''Stegodon'' species.<ref name="Geer-2016" /> Large individuals are estimated to have reached around {{convert|280|cm|ft||abbr=on}} at the shoulders, with a body mass of around 5 tons.<ref name="proboscideans" /> Other smaller unnamed ''Stegodon'' species are also known from the Early Pleistocene on the island.<ref name="Puspaningrum-2020" /> The extinct dwarf elephant species [[Stegoloxodon|''Stegoloxodon indonesicus'']] is also known from the Early Pleistocene of Java, which is probably closely related to ''S.  celebensis'' from Sulawesi, but whose relationships to other elephants are obscure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Markov |first1=Georgi N. |last2=Saegusa |first2=Haruo |date=2008-09-01 |title=On the validity of Stegoloxodon Kretzoi, 1950 (Mammalia: Proboscidea) |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1861.1.5 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=1861 |issue=1 |pages=55 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.1861.1.5 |issn=1175-5334|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Puspaningrum-2020" />

=== Sumba ===
The species ''Stegodon sumbaensis'' of an uncertain Middle-Late Pleistocene age from [[Sumba]] is one the smallest known species, at around 8% of the size of its mainland ancestor, with an estimated body mass of around {{Convert|250|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Geer-2016" />

=== Timor ===
The species ''Stegodon timorensis'' is known from the Middle Pleistocene of Timor. It is a small-sized species, only slightly larger than ''S. sondaarii,''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Louys |first1=Julien |last2=Price |first2=Gilbert J. |last3=O’Connor |first3=Sue |date=2016-03-10 |title=Direct dating of Pleistocene stegodon from Timor Island, East Nusa Tenggara |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=4 |pages=e1788 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1788 |pmid=26989625 |issn=2167-8359|pmc=4793331 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and around 23% the size of mainland species, with an estimated body mass of around {{Convert|770|kg|lb}}.<ref name="Geer-2016" />

=== Luzon ===
On [[Luzon]] the dwarf ''Stegodon luzonensis'' is known from remains found in the Manila Basin of an uncertain Pleistocene age,<ref>von Koenigswald GHR. 1956. Fossil mammals from the Philippines. Quezon City: National Research Council of the Philippines, 1–14</ref> as well as remains found near the early Middle Pleistocene ''[[Nesorhinus]]'' butchery site dating to around 700,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J.-J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A.-M. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0072-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=13742336 |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> It is around 40% the size of mainland ''Stegodon'' species, with a body mass of around 1.3 tons.<ref name="Geer-2016" /> Though the temporal span of ''Stegodon'' on Luzon is not well constrained due to the limited number of finds, remains are suggested to span from at least around 1-0.8 million years ago to around 400,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lambard |first1=Jean-Baptiste |last2=Pereira |first2=Alison |last3=Voinchet |first3=Pierre |last4=Guillou |first4=Hervé |last5=Reyes |first5=Marian C. |last6=Nomade |first6=Sébastien |last7=Gallet |first7=Xavier |last8=Belarmino |first8=Maricar |last9=Bahain |first9=Jean-Jacques |last10=De Vos |first10=John |last11=Falguères |first11=Christophe |last12=Cosalan |first12=Andrea |last13=Ingicco |first13=Thomas |date=October 2024 |title=Geochronological advances in human and proboscideans first arrival date in the Philippines archipelago (Cagayan valley, Luzon Island) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1871101424001018 |journal=Quaternary Geochronology |language=en |volume=84 |pages=101597 |doi=10.1016/j.quageo.2024.101597|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The extinct dwarf elephant ''[[Elephas beyeri]]'' is also known from the island of an unknown (probably Pleistocene) age,<ref name="Geer-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Geer |first1=Alexandra A. E. |last2=Bergh |first2=Gerrit D. |last3=Lyras |first3=George A. |last4=Prasetyo |first4=Unggul W. |last5=Due |first5=Rokus Awe |last6=Setiyabudi |first6=Erick |last7=Drinia |first7=Hara |date=August 2016 |title=The effect of area and isolation on insular dwarf proboscideans |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.12743 |journal=Journal of Biogeography |language=en |volume=43 |issue=8 |pages=1656–1666 |doi=10.1111/jbi.12743 |s2cid=87958022 |issn=0305-0270}}</ref> which is estimated to have been about {{Convert|1.2|m|ft}} in shoulder height.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koenigswald |first=G.H.R. |date=1956 |title=Fossil mammals from the Philippines |journal=Proceedings of the Fourth Far-Eastern Prehistory Congress}}</ref>

=== Mindanao ===
On the island of [[Mindanao]], the dwarf ''Stegodon'' species ''Stegodon mindanensis'' was present at some point in the Pleistocene. It has an estimated body mass of around {{Convert|400|kg|lb}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ong |first=Perry |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303496589 |title=The Philippine Archipelago |publisher=Asia Publishing Co. Ltd. |year=1998 |location=Makati city, Philippines |pages=227–255 |chapter=The Philippine Menagerie}}</ref>