Editing Endocrine disruptor (section)

=== Clothing ===
A more recent discussion around exposure to EDCs has been around clothing.

[[Greenpeace]] has reported on endocrine-disrupting chemicals in clothing since 2011. In 2013, Greenpeace found detectable levels of [[phthalates]] in 33 out of 35 printed articles of clothing from a global sample.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Brigden K, Hetherington S, Wang M, Santillo D, Johnston P |date=June 2013 |title=Hazardous chemicals in branded textile products on sale in 25 countries/regions during 2013 |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-thailand-stateless/2019/09/192afd2f-a-little-story-about-the-monsters-in-your-closet-technical-report.pdf |publisher=Greenpeace Research Laboratories |publication-date=December 2013}}</ref> A particularly high level of [[Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate|DEHP]] was found in a t-shirt from [[Primark]] Germany, and a high level of [[Diisononyl phthalate|DINP]] was found in a [[Infant|baby]] [[Infant bodysuit|one-piece]] from [[American Apparel]]. [[Perfluorinated compound|PFCs]] were commonly found in swimwear and waterproof clothing. [[Nonylphenol|NPEs]] were found in most clothing articles as well.

A study by Greenpeace Germany published in 2014 again found high levels of phthalates in athletic gear.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Cobbing M, Brodde K |date=May 2014 |title=A Red Card for sportswear brands |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/static/planet4-international-stateless/2014/05/ba7273a2-detox-football-report.pdf |publisher=Greenpeace e.V.}}</ref> The print of a t-shirt produced in Argentina contained phthalate levels as high as 15%, while a pair of gloves contained 6% phthalates. The study also found high levels of [[PFAS]], [[nonoxynols]] and [[dimethylformamide]] in shoes and boots.

In research published in 2019, Li et al. stated that dermal absorption was the main route for [[Phthalates|phthalate]] exposure in infants,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Li HL, Ma WL, Liu LY, Zhang Z, Sverko E, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Sun Y, Li YF | title = Phthalates in infant cotton clothing: Occurrence and implications for human exposure | journal = The Science of the Total Environment | volume = 683 | pages = 109–115 | date = September 2019 | pmid = 31129321 | doi = 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.132 | bibcode = 2019ScTEn.683..109L }}</ref> including through clothing. It was found that laundering could not remove phthalates completely. Out of the six different types of phthalates that were measured, DEHP and [[Dibutyl phthalate|DBP]] were found to be particularly present in infant clothing.

Tang et al. published research in 2019 that found all 15 different phthalates that were measured in preschoolers' clothing.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal | vauthors = Tang Z, Chai M, Wang Y, Cheng J | title = Phthalates in preschool children's clothing manufactured in seven Asian countries: Occurrence, profiles and potential health risks | journal = Journal of Hazardous Materials | volume = 387 | pages = 121681 | date = April 2020 | pmid = 31757725 | doi = 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121681 | bibcode = 2020JHzM..38721681T }}</ref> Levels were largely independent of country of manufacture though they differed by garment type, fabric composition, and garment color. It was found that "when children wore trousers, long-sleeved shirts, briefs and socks at the same time, the reproductive risks exceeded acceptable level".<ref name=":1" />

In a review of 120 articles from 2014 to 2023 about phthalates in clothing, it was found that while [[screen printing]] ink,<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = Mohapatra P, Gaonkar O | location = New Delhi, India | work = Toxics Link | date = 2021 | page = 41 |title=An Overview of Chemicals in Textiles |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358804949 }}</ref> vinyl patches and [[Artificial leather|synthetic leather]] may contain 30–60% phthalates, [[Waterproof fabric|waterproof]] items such as infant [[Mattress protector|mattress covers]] also contained very high levels of these chemicals.<ref name=":2" /> It was also noted that manufacturers work to replace more regulated substances, such as DEHP, with newer ones, that may not yet be as tightly regulated.