Editing Endonym and exonym (section)

== Typical development of exonyms ==
Many exonyms result from adaptations of an endonym into another language, mediated by differences in phonetics, while others may result from translation of the endonym, or as a reflection of the specific relationship an outsider group has with a local place or geographical feature.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=Peter |title=Exonyms as part of the cultural heritage |date=3–7 May 2021 |publisher=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Second session |location=New York |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/2nd_session_2021/documents/GEGN.2_2021_73_CRP73_13_Exonyms_cultural_heritage.pdf |format=Provisional agenda item 13 – submission by Austria}}</ref>

According to [[James A. Matisoff|James Matisoff]], who introduced the term ''autonym'' into [[linguistics]], exonyms can also arise from the "egocentric" tendency of in-groups to identify themselves with "mankind in general", producing an endonym that out groups would not use, while another source is the human tendency towards neighbours to "be pejorative rather than complimentary, especially where there is a real or fancied difference in cultural level between [[in-group and out-group|the ingroup and the outgroup]]." For example, Matisoff notes, {{lang|zh-latn|Khang}} "an opprobrious term indicating mixed race or parentage" is the [[Palaung language|Palaung]] name for [[Jingpo people]] and the [[Jingpo language|Jingpo]] name for [[Chin peoples|Chin people]]; both the Jingpo and [[Burmese language|Burmese]] use the Chinese word {{lang|zh-latn|yeren}} (''{{lang-zh|c=野人|s=|t=|p=|l=wild men, savage, rustic people|labels=no}}'') as the name for [[Lisu people]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Matisoff |first=James |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15093829 |title=Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies |date=1986 |publisher=E.J. Brill |isbn=90-04-07850-9 |editor-last=McCoy |editor-first=John |location=Leiden |page=6 |chapter=The languages and dialects of Tibeto-Burman: an alphabetic/genetic listing, with some prefatory remarks on ethnonymic and glossonymic complications |oclc=15093829 |editor-last2=Light |editor-first2=Timothy}}</ref>

As exonyms develop for places of significance for speakers of the language of the exonym, consequently, many European capitals have English exonyms, for example:

* [[Athens]] ({{langx|el|Αθήνα|translit=Athína}});
* [[Belgrade]] ({{langx|sr|Београд|translit=Beograd}});
* [[Bucharest]] ({{langx|ro|București}});
* [[Brussels]] ({{langx|fr|Bruxelles}}, {{langx|nl|Brussel}});
* [[Copenhagen]] ({{langx|da|København}});
* [[Lisbon]] ({{langx|pt|Lisboa}});
* [[Moscow]] ({{langx|ru|Москва|translit=Moskva}});
* [[Prague]] ({{langx|cs|Praha}});
* [[Rome]] ({{langx|it|Roma}});
* [[Vienna]] ({{langx|de|Wien}}); and
* [[Warsaw]] ({{langx|pl|Warszawa}}).

In contrast, historically less-prominent capitals such as [[Ljubljana]] and [[Zagreb]] do not have English exonyms, but do have exonyms in languages spoken nearby, e.g. [[German language|German]]: {{lang|de|Laibach}} and {{lang|de|Agram}} (the latter being obsolete); [[Italian language|Italian]]: ''Lubiana'' and ''Zagabria''. [[Madrid]], [[Berlin]], [[Oslo]], and [[Amsterdam]], with identical names in most major [[European languages]], are exceptions.

Some European cities might be considered partial exceptions, in that whilst the spelling is the same across languages, the pronunciation can differ.<ref>{{Cite web |title="UNGEGN-ICA webcourse on Toponymy" |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S13/S13_001index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311022407/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S13/S13_001index.html |archive-date=11 March 2024 |website=[[United Nations Statistics Division]]}}</ref> For example, the city of [[Paris]] is spelled the same way in French and English, but the French pronunciation [{{IPA|paʁi}}] is different from the English pronunciation [{{IPA|ˈpærɪs}}].

For places considered to be of lesser significance, attempts to reproduce local names have been made in English since the time of the [[Crusades]]. [[Livorno]], for instance, was ''Leghorn'' because it was an Italian port essential to English merchants and, by the 18th century, to the [[British navy|British Navy]]; not far away, [[Rapallo]], a minor port on the same sea, never received an exonym.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

In earlier times, the name of the first tribe or village encountered became the exonym for the whole people beyond. Thus, the Romans used the tribal names {{lang|la|Graecus}} (Greek) and {{lang|la|Germanus}} (Germanic), the Russians used the village name of ''[[Chechen people|Chechen]]'', medieval Europeans took the tribal name ''[[Tatars|Tatar]]'' as emblematic for the whole [[Mongol]]ic confederation (and then confused it with ''Tartarus'', a word for [[Hell]], to produce ''[[Tatars|Tartar]]''), and the [[Hungarian people|Magyar]] invaders were equated with the 500-years-earlier [[Hun]]nish invaders in the same territory, and were called ''Hungarians''.

The [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] invaders of the [[Roman Empire]] applied the word "[[Walha]]" to foreigners they encountered and this evolved in [[West Germanic languages]] as a generic name for speakers of Celtic and later (as Celts became increasingly romanised) Romance languages; thence:
* [[Wallachia]], the historic name of [[Romania]] inhabited by the [[Vlachs]]
* The Slavic term ''Vlah'' for "Romanian", dialectally "Italian, Latin"; additionally ''[[wiktionary:Vlaška|Vlaška]]'' means "Wallachia" in [[Serbo-Croatian]] and "Italian woman" in [[Czech language|Czech]]
* [[Wallonia]], the French-speaking region of [[Belgium]]
* [[Cornwall]] and [[Wales]], the Celtic-speaking regions located west of the [[Anglo-Saxon]]-dominated [[England]]
* [[Valais|Wallis]], a mostly French-speaking [[Canton (administrative division)|canton]] in [[Switzerland]]
* [[Romandy|Welschland]], the German name for the French-speaking [[Switzerland]]
* the Polish and Hungarian names for Italy, {{lang|pl|[[Italy|Włochy]]}} and {{lang|hu|[[Italy|Olaszország]]}} respectively