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=== Other names and epithets === Enki/Ea had a variety of other names and [[epithet]]s reflecting his different functions and his association with his abode, [[Abzu|Abzû]], and his cult center, [[Eridu]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=10–51}}</ref> Galter remarks that the majority of other names of Ea are only documented from sources from the late [[2nd millennium BC|second millennium]], and therefore he presumes that they represent an effort to fully encompass and describe all of the aspects of the god.<ref name=":102">{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=32}}</ref> Craftsmanship deities such as [[Uttu]] and [[Ninagal]] could be regarded as alternative names of Ea in late sources.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lambert |first=W. G. |title=An = Anum and Related Lists: God Lists of Ancient Mesopotamia, Volume I |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-161382-1 |pages=29}}</ref> The majority of [[Akkadian language|akkadian]] epithets of Ea reflect his role as the god of wisdom.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=51}}</ref> Such epithets include for example, ''bēl nēmeqi'' (‘’Lord of wisdom’’),''bēl tašīmti'' (‘’Lord of understanding’’),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=37}}</ref> and ''apkal ilī.''(‘’Sage of the gods’’).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=34}}</ref> ''Bēl nagbi,'' (‘’Lord of the subterranean waters’’)<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=36}}</ref> was a frequently attested epithet of Ea in his aspect as a water god.<ref name=":5" /> He could be referred to as ''bēl tenēšēti'', ‘’Lord of mankind’’.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=38}}</ref> His association to the arts of incantation was reflected in his epithets ''mašmaš ilī'', ‘’Exorcist of the gods’’,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=40}}</ref> and ''bēl išīputti'' (‘’Lord of the purification rites’’).<ref name=":9" /> Ea could be referred to as Ea-šarru in some akkadian texts.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Atra-Ḫasīs: the Babylonian story of the Flood |date=1969 |publisher=Clarendon P |isbn=978-0-19-813153-3 |editor-last=Lambert |editor-first=W. G. |location=Oxford |pages=149 |editor-last2=Millard |editor-first2=A. R. |editor-last3=Civil |editor-first3=Miguel}}</ref> According to Galter, it is unclear whether Ea-šarru was simply an epithet of Ea or if a foreign deity was identified with Ea and -''šarru'',‘’king’’, was added to distinguish them. He remarks that the earliest attestations of this name occur outside of [[Mesopotamia]], which could indicate that the name did not originate in the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=15}}</ref> A common epithet of Enki/Ea in literary texts was Enlil-banda, ‘’the junior [[Enlil]]’’. An early attestation of this epithet dates to the [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian Period]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lambert |first=W. G. |title=An = Anum and Related Lists: God Lists of Ancient Mesopotamia, Volume I |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |isbn=978-3-16-161382-1 |pages=131}}</ref> Several possible interpretations of this name have been suggested by scholars. It could indicate that Ea was regarded as a younger brother of Enlil, it could have been a way to equate Ea with Enlil, it could have been a way to assert that he is ‘’like Enlil’' in his domain,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=26}}</ref> or it could mean that he received his functions and abode from Enlil.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Espak |first=Peeter |title=The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology |date=2010 |publisher=Tartu University, Faculty of Theology, Chair for Ancient Near Eastern Studies |url=https://www.academia.edu/1034652/The_God_Enki_in_Sumerian_Royal_Ideology_and_Mythology |page=59}}</ref> Enki’s epithets king of the Abzû and king of Eridu are already attested in [[Sumerian language|sumerian]] sources from the [[Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)|Early Dynastic Period]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Espak |first=Peeter |title=The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology |date=2010 |publisher=Tartu University, Faculty of Theology, Chair for Ancient Near Eastern Studies |url=https://www.academia.edu/1034652/The_God_Enki_in_Sumerian_Royal_Ideology_and_Mythology |page=99}}</ref> Another of his epithets was [[Ibex]] of the Abzû (''<sup>d</sup>dàra-abzu).''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Galter |first=Hannes D. |url=https://www.academia.edu/45092567/Der_Gott_Ea_Enki_in_der_akkadischen_%C3%9Cberlieferung_Eine_Bestandsaufnahme_des_vorhandenen_Materials_Dissertationen_der_Universit%C3%A4t_Graz_58_Graz_dbv_Verlag_1983 |title=Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials |date=1983 |publisher=dbv-Verl. für die Techn. Univ |isbn=978-3-7041-9018-5 |series=Dissertationen der Universität Graz |location=Graz |pages=45}}</ref> The ibex was associated with Enki in historical times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisman |first=J. J. W. |title=Cosmogony, theogony and anthropogeny in Sumerian texts |date=2013 |publisher=Ugarit-Verlag |isbn=978-3-86835-095-1 |series=Alter Orient und Altes Testament |location=Münster |pages=131–132 |oclc=869208493}}</ref> An early attestation of this byname is found in an [[Old Babylonian Empire|Old Babylonian]] hymn. Several compound bynames of Enki/Ea formed with the element ''dàra'' appear in a later god list.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Boivin |first=Odette |title=The first dynasty of the Sealand in Mesopotamia |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-1-5015-1639-9 |series=Studies in ancient Near Eastern records |location=Boston |pages=40}}</ref><ref name=":102"/>
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