Editing Expert (section)

===Dialogic expertise===
Hartelius and other scholars have also noted the challenges that projects such as Wikipedia pose to how experts have traditionally constructed their authority. In "Wikipedia and the Emergence of Dialogic Expertise", she highlights Wikipedia as an example of the "dialogic expertise" made possible by collaborative digital spaces. Predicated upon the notion that "truth emerges from dialogue", Wikipedia challenges traditional expertise both because anyone can edit it and because no single person, regardless of their credentials, can end a discussion by fiat. In other words, the community, rather than single individuals, direct the course of discussion. The production of knowledge, then, as a process of dialogue and argumentation, becomes an inherently rhetorical activity.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010}}

Hartelius calls attention to two competing norm systems of expertise: “network norms of dialogic collaboration” and “deferential norms of socially sanctioned professionalism”; Wikipedia being evidence of the first.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Drawing on a [[Mikhail Bakhtin|Bakhtinian]] framework, Hartelius posits that Wikipedia is an example of an epistemic network that is driven by the view that individuals' ideas clash with one another so as to generate expertise collaboratively.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Hartelius compares Wikipedia's methodology of open-ended discussions of topics to that of [[Mikhail Bakhtin|Bakhtin's theory of speech communication]], where genuine [[dialogue]] is considered a live event, which is continuously open to new additions and participants.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Hartelius acknowledges that [[knowledge]], [[experience]], [[training]], [[skill]], and [[wikt:qualification|qualification]] are important dimensions of expertise but posits that the concept is more complex than sociologists and psychologists suggest.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Arguing that expertise is rhetorical, then, Hartelius explains that expertise "is not simply about one person's skills being different from another's. It is also fundamentally contingent on a struggle for ownership and legitimacy."{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Effective communication is an inherent element in expertise in the same style as knowledge is. Rather than leaving each other out, substance and communicative style are complementary.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Hartelius further suggests that Wikipedia's dialogic construction of expertise illustrates both the instrumental and the constitutive dimensions of rhetoric; instrumentally as it challenges [[Encyclopedia|traditional encyclopedias]] and constitutively as a function of its knowledge production.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Going over the historical development of the encyclopedic project, Hartelius argues that changes in traditional encyclopedias have led to changes in traditional expertise. Wikipedia's use of [[hyperlink]]s to connect one topic to another depends on, and develops, electronic interactivity meaning that Wikipedia's way of knowing is dialogic.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} Dialogic expertise then, emerges from multiple interactions between utterances within the [[discourse community]].{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} The ongoing dialogue between contributors on Wikipedia not only results in the emergence of truth; it also explicates the topics one can be an expert of. As Hartelius explains, "the very act of presenting information about topics that are not included in traditional encyclopedias is a construction of new expertise."{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} While Wikipedia insists that contributors must only publish preexisting knowledge, the dynamics behind dialogic expertise creates new information nonetheless. Knowledge production is created as a function of dialogue.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} According to Hartelius, dialogic expertise has emerged on Wikipedia not only because of its interactive structure but also because of the site's hortative discourse which is not found in traditional encyclopedias.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} By Wikipedia's hortative discourse, Hartelius means various encouragements to edit certain topics and instructions on how to do so that appear on the site.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}} One further reason to the emergence of dialogic expertise on Wikipedia is the site's [[Wikipedia:Community portal|community pages]], which function as a [[techne]]; explicating Wikipedia's expert methodology.{{sfn|Hartelius|2010|pp=505–526}}