Editing Externality (section)

==== Positive production externalities ====
Examples of '''positive production externalities'''

[[File:Beekeeper at work.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Beekeepers' hives of bees can help pollinate the surrounding crops, which is a positive production externality.]]
* A [[beekeeper]] who keeps the [[bees]] for their [[honey]]. A side effect or externality associated with such activity is the [[pollination]] of surrounding crops by the bees. The value generated by the pollination may be more important than the value of the harvested honey.
* The corporate development of some [[free software]] (studied notably by [[Jean Tirole]] and [[Steven Weber (professor)|Steven Weber]]<ref>''The success of open source'' [[Steven Weber (professor)|Steven Weber]], 2006 Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|0-674-01292-5}}.</ref>)
* [[Research and development]], since much of the economic benefits of research are not captured by the originating firm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Externalities - Definition and examples |url=https://conceptually.org/concepts/externalities |website=Conceptually |access-date=26 Jan 2021}}</ref>
* An industrial company providing first aid classes for employees to increase on the [[job safety]]. This may also save lives outside the factory.
* Restored historic buildings may encourage more people to visit the area and patronize nearby businesses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Romero |first1=Ana Maria |title=The Positive Externalities of Historic District Designation |journal=The Park Place Economist |date=1 January 2004 |volume=12 |issue=1 |url=https://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol12/iss1/16/ }}</ref>
* A foreign firm that demonstrates up-to-date technologies to local firms and improves their productivity.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iršová |first1=Zuzana |last2=Havránek |first2=Tomáš |title=Determinants of Horizontal Spillovers from FDI: Evidence from a Large Meta-Analysis |journal=World Development |date=February 2013 |volume=42 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.07.001 |s2cid=153632547 |url=http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124047 }}</ref>
* [[Public transport]] can increase economic welfare by providing transit services to other economic activities, however the benefits of those other economic activities are not felt by the operator, it can also decrease the negative externalities of increasing road patronage in the absence of a [[Congestion pricing|congestion charge]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Elgar |first1=Ilan |last2=Kennedy |first2=Christopher |date=2005-06-01 |title=Review of Optimal Transit Subsidies: Comparison between Models |url=https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%290733-9488%282005%29131%3A2%2871%29 |journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development |language=EN |volume=131 |issue=2 |pages=71–78 |doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:2(71) |issn=0733-9488|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* The personal cost of an education will have an external benefit to society.<ref name="boyes_pg105_quoted">{{cite book
  | last1 = Boyes
  | first1 = William
  | last2 = Melvin
  | first2 = Michael
  | title = Microeconomics, Fifth Edition
  | publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company
  | year = 2002
  | page = 105
  | quote = When you acquire an education, however, you do not get a check in the amount of savings your education will create for society.
  | isbn = 0-618-12795-X
}}</ref>

[[File:Pos_consumer_externality.png|thumb|Positive consumption externality]]