Editing Feud (section)

=====Northern Europe=====
The [[Celts|Celtic]] phenomenon of the ''blood feud'' demanded "an eye for an eye", and usually descended into murder. Disagreements between [[clan]]s might last for generations in Scotland and Ireland.

In [[Scandinavia]] in the [[Viking]] era, feuds were common, as the lack of a central government left dealing with disputes up to the individuals or families involved. Sometimes, these would descend into "blood revenges", and in some cases would devastate whole families. The ravages of the feuds as well as the dissolution of them is a central theme in several of the [[Icelandic saga]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindow |first1=J. |title=Bloodfeud and Scandinavian Mythology |url=https://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/4feud.pdf |publisher=Freie Universitãt, Berlin |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030526094341/https://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/4feud.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2003 |url-status=live }}</ref> An alternative to feud was ''[[blood money (term)|blood money]]'' (or ''[[weregild]]'' in the [[Norsemen|Norse]] culture), which demanded a set value to be paid by those responsible for a wrongful permanent disfigurement or death, even if accidental. If these payments were not made, or were refused by the offended party, a blood feud could ensue.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=William Ian |title=Bloodtaking and peacemaking : feud, law, and society in Saga Iceland |date=1990 |location=Chicago |isbn=0226526801 |access-date=}}</ref>

Violence was common in [[Viking Age]] [[Norway]]. An examination of Norwegian human remains from the Viking Age found that 72% of the examined males and 42% of the examined females had suffered weapon-related [[Injury in humans|trauma]]. Violence was less common in Viking Age Denmark, where society was more centralized and complex than the [[clan]]-based Norwegian society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bill |first1=Jan |last2=Jacobson |first2=David |last3=Nagel |first3=Susanne |last4=Strand |first4=Lisa Mariann |title=Violence as a lens to Viking societies: A comparison of Norway and Denmark |journal=Journal of Anthropological Archaeology |date=September 2024 |volume=75 |doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2024.101605 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416524000369#b0870|hdl=10852/114115 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

In [[Iceland]], blood feuds occurred until the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |contributor=Helgi Þorláksson |contribution=Atrocious Icelanders versus Basques. Unexpected violence or not? |date=2017 |last1=Irujo |first1=Xabier |last2=Miglio |first2=Viola |title=Jón Guðmundsson lærði’s True Account and the Massacre of Basque Whalers in Iceland in 1615 |location=Reno, Nevada |publisher=Center for Basque Studies. University of Nevada, Reno |isbn=9781935709831 |page=90–92 |url=https://www.academia.edu/46954316/J%C3%B3n_Gu%C3%B0mundsson_l%C3%A6r%C3%B0i_s_True_Account_and_the_Massacre_of_Basque_Whalers_in_Iceland_in_1615}}</ref>