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Fortis and lenis
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== Notation == {| cellpadding="1" align="right" style="border: 1px solid #88a; background-color: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 0 0 15px 10px; " |- ! style="background-color: #ccf" | [[Voice onset time]] |- | style="border-bottom: 1px solid #ccf" | |- |<nowiki>+</nowiki> [[Aspirated consonant|Aspirated]] |- |0 [[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]] |- |− [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] |} The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] provides no specific means for representation of a fortis–lenis contrast. The [[extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet]] provide a diacritic for strong articulation (e.g. {{IPA|[t͈]}}) and weak articulation ({{IPA|[t͉]}}), but this does not cover all of the phonetic differences that have been categorized under fortis and lenis. [[Americanist phonetic notation]] uses fortis {{IPA|[t͈]}} and lenis {{IPA|[t᷂]}}. Different ways of transcribing the fortis–lenis contrast have been used. For instance, for the transcription of the Zürich German fortis–lenis contrast – which involves neither voicing nor aspiration –, notations such as the following ones have appeared in the relevant literature:<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fleischer|Schmid|2006|p=245}}</ref> *The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed with plain {{IPA|[p t k f s ʃ x]}} vs {{IPA|[b d ɡ v z ʒ ɣ]}}. *The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed as a gemination contrast ({{IPA|[pː tː kː fː sː ʃː xː]}} or {{IPA|[pp tt kk ff ss ʃʃ xx]}} vs {{IPA|[p t k f s ʃ x]}}). *The fortis–lenis contrast may be transcribed as {{IPA|[p t k f s ʃ x]}} vs {{IPA|[b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ ɣ̊]}}, that is, the lenes are marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness. By strict IPA definition, {{angbr IPA|b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ ɣ̊}} in this context can only denote partially devoiced obstruents. This notation emphasizes that there is more than just voice to the contrast between {{IPA|[p t k f s ʃ x]}} vs {{IPA|[b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ʒ̊ ɣ̊]}}. This means that depending on the system, {{angbr IPA|p t k f s ʃ x}} may have opposite values, i.e. they may represent either fortis or lenis sounds.
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