Editing Fruit tree forms (section)

===Step-over espalier===
Espaliers with just one tier of horizontal branches {{Cvt|30|cm}} above the ground. These make a novel and productive border for a vegetable plot.

A study on orchard mango trees in [[Nelspruit]], South Africa, compared the open vase, closed vase, central leader, palmette and standard pruning systems and recommended a modified pyramid, somewhere between a central leader and a closed vase system, for high-density mango orchards. The study also evaluated both post-fruit-set and post-harvest pruning, indicating that late mango cultivars benefit from pruning while bearing fruit in late fall, while early cultivars may be best pruned immediately after harvest.<ref name=Stassen>
{{Citation
| last1 = Stassen
| first1 = P. J. C.
| last2 = Grovè
| first2 = H. G.
|last3=Davie
|first3=S. J.
| title =Tree shaping strategies for higher density mango orchards
| journal = Journal of Applied Horticulture
| volume = 1
| issue = 1
| pages = 1–4
| orig-year =1999
| year = 2001
|publisher=Society for Advancement of Horticulture
| url =http://horticultureresearch.net/jah/1999_1_1_1_4.pdf
}}
</ref>