Editing Functional linguistics (section)

==Frameworks==
There are several distinct grammatical frameworks that employ a functional approach.

*The structuralist functionalism of the [[Prague school (linguistics)|Prague school]] was the earliest functionalist framework developed in the 1920s.<ref>Newmeyer, Frederick. (2001). The Prague School and North American functionalist approaches to syntax. Journal of Linguistics vol. 37. 101 – 126</ref><ref>Novak, P., Sgall, P. 1968. On the Prague functional approach. Trav. Ling. Prague 3:291-97. Tuscaloosa: Univ. Alabama Press</ref>
*[[André Martinet]]'s Functional Syntax, with two major books, ''A functional view of language'' (1962) and ''Studies in Functional Syntax'' (1975). Martinet is one of the most famous French linguists and can be regarded as the father of French functionalism. Founded by Martinet and his colleagues, [[Société internationale de linguistique fonctionnelle|SILF]] (''Société internationale de linguistique fonctionnelle'') is an international organisation of functional linguistics which operates mainly in French.
*[[Simon C. Dik|Simon Dik]]'s [[Functional discourse grammar|Functional Grammar]], originally developed in the 1970s and 80s, has been influential and inspired many other functional theories.<ref>Dik, S. C. 1980. Studies in Functional Grammar. London: Academic</ref><ref>Dik, S. C. 1981. Functional Grammar. Dordrecht/Cinnaminson NJ: Foris.</ref> It has been developed into Functional Discourse Grammar by the linguist [[Kees Hengeveld]].<ref>Hengeveld, Kees & Mackenzie, J. Lachlan (2010), Functional Discourse Grammar. In: Bernd Heine and Heiko Narrog eds, The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 367–400.</ref><ref>Hengeveld, Kees & Mackenzie, J. Lachlan (2008), Functional Discourse Grammar: A typologically-based theory of language structure. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref>
*[[Michael Halliday]]'s [[systemic functional grammar]] (SFG) argues that the explanation of how language works "needed to be grounded in a functional analysis, since language had evolved in the process of carrying out certain critical functions as human beings interacted with their ... 'eco-social' environment".<ref>Halliday, M.A.K. forthcoming. Meaning as Choice. In Fontaine, L, Bartlett, T, and O'Grady, G. Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring Choice. Cambridge University Press. p1.</ref><ref>Halliday, M. A. K. 1984. A Short Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold</ref> Halliday draws on the work of [[Karl Bühler|Bühler]] and [[Bronislaw Malinowski|Malinowski]], as well as his doctoral supervisor [[John Rupert Firth|J.R. Firth]]. Notably, Halliday's former student [[Robin Fawcett]] has developed a version of SFG called the "Cardiff Grammar" which is distinct from the "Sydney Grammar" as developed by the later Halliday and his colleagues in Australia. The link between Firthian and Hallidayan linguistics and the [[process philosophy|philosophy]] of [[Alfred North Whitehead]] also deserves a mention.<ref>See David G. Butt, Whiteheadian and Functional Linguistics in [[Michel Weber]] and Will Desmond (eds.). ''[https://www.academia.edu/279955/Handbook_of_Whiteheadian_Process_Thought Handbook of Whiteheadian Process Thought]'' (Frankfurt / Lancaster, Ontos Verlag, 2008, vol. II); cf. Ronny Desmet & Michel Weber (edited by), ''[https://www.academia.edu/279940/Whitehead._The_Algebra_of_Metaphysics Whitehead. The Algebra of Metaphysics. Applied Process Metaphysics Summer Institute Memorandum]'', Louvain-la-Neuve, Les Éditions Chromatika, 2010.</ref>
*[[Role and reference grammar]], developed by [[Robert Van Valin]] employs functional analytical framework with a somewhat formal mode of description. In RRG, the description of a sentence in a particular language is formulated in terms of its semantic structure and communicative functions, as well as the grammatical procedures used to express these meanings.<ref>Foley, W. A., Van Valin, R. D. Jr. 1984. Functional Syntax and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press</ref><ref>Van Valin, Robert D., Jr. (Ed.). (1993). ''Advances in Role and Reference Grammar''. Amsterdam: Benjamins.</ref> 
*[[Copenhagen school (linguistics)#Danish functional school|Danish functional grammar]] combines [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussurean]]/[[Louis Hjelmslev|Hjelmslevian]] [[structuralism]] with a focus on [[pragmatics]] and [[discourse]].<ref>Engberg-Pedersen, Elisabeth; Michael Fortescue; Peter Harder; Lars Heltoft; Lisbeth Falster Jakobsen (eds.). (1996) Content, expression and structure: studies in Danish functional grammar. John Benjamins Publishing Company.</ref>
*[[Interactional linguistics]], based on [[Conversation Analysis]], considers linguistic structures as related to the functions of e.g. action and [[turn-taking]] in interaction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Couper-Kuhlen |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Selting |first2=Margaret |year=2001 |title=Studies in Interactional Linguistics |publisher=John Benjamins}}</ref>
*[[Construction grammar]] is a family of different theories some of which may be considered functional, such as Croft's Radical Construction Grammar.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Croft |first1=William |title=Radical construction grammar: syntactic theory in typological perspective |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780198299547}}</ref>
*[[Relational Network Theory]] (RNT) or Neurocognitive Linguistics (NCL), originally developed by [[Sydney Lamb]], may be considered functionalist in the sense of being a [[Usage-based models of language|usage-based model]]. In RNT, the description of linguistic structure is formulated as networks of realizational relationships, such that all linguistic units are defined only by what they realize and are realized by. RNT networks have been hypothesized to be implemented by [[cortical minicolumns]] in the human [[neocortex]].