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Funding of science
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==== Conditionality ==== In addition to project deliverables, funders also increasingly introduce new eligibility requirements alongside traditional ones such as research [[Scientific integrity|integrity/ethics]]. The 2016 [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379949.locale=en Open Science movement], tied funding increasingly tied to [[data management plan]]s and making [[FAIR data|data FAIR]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wilkinson |first1=Mark D. |last2=Dumontier |first2=Michel |last3=Aalbersberg |first3=IJsbrand Jan |last4=Appleton |first4=Gabrielle |last5=Axton |first5=Myles |last6=Baak |first6=Arie |last7=Blomberg |first7=Niklas |last8=Boiten |first8=Jan-Willem |last9=da Silva Santos |first9=Luiz Bonino |last10=Bourne |first10=Philip E. |last11=Bouwman |first11=Jildau |date=15 March 2016 |title=The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship |journal=Sci Data |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=160018 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.18 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=4792175 |pmid=26978244|bibcode=2016NatSD...360018W }}</ref> The Open Science requirement complements [[Open access|Open Access]] mandates<ref>{{cite web |title=OECD Legal Instruments |url=https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0347 |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=legalinstruments.oecd.org |archive-date=2022-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401060141/https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/en/instruments/OECD-LEGAL-0347 |url-status=live }}</ref> which in 2025 are widespread.<ref>{{cite web |title=How many Open Access policies are there worldwide? - ROARMAP |url=http://roarmap.eprints.org/dataviz2.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=roarmap.eprints.org |archive-date=2022-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405164411/http://roarmap.eprints.org/dataviz2.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The gender dimension also gained ground in recent years. The European Commission mandates research applicants to adopt gender equality plans across their organization.<ref>{{cite web |last=European Commission |date=31 March 2021 |title=Horizon Europe - Work Programme - 13. General Annexes |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021-2027/horizon/wp-call/2021-2022/wp-13-general-annexes_horizon-2021-2022_en.pdf |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401094259/https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021-2027/horizon/wp-call/2021-2022/wp-13-general-annexes_horizon-2021-2022_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK Research and Innovation Global Challenges Research Fund mandates a gender equality statement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Equality, diversity and inclusion |url=https://www.ukri.org/about-us/policies-standards-and-data/good-research-resource-hub/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=www.ukri.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405164404/https://www.ukri.org/about-us/policies-standards-and-data/good-research-resource-hub/equality-diversity-and-inclusion/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2022, the European Commission also introduced a "Do No Significant Harm" principle to the Framework Program which aims to curb the environmental footprint of scientific projects.<ref>{{cite web |last=European Commission |date=1 February 2022 |title=Horizon Europe - Programme Guide |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021-2027/horizon/guidance/programme-guide_horizon_en.pdf |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401045052/https://ec.europa.eu/info/funding-tenders/opportunities/docs/2021-2027/horizon/guidance/programme-guide_horizon_en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> "Do No Significant Harm" has been criticized as coupled with other eligibility requirements it is often characterized as [[Red tape|red-tape]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffe |first=Matthew |title=2021 IEEE/AIAA 40th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC) |chapter=Levels of Requirements, Robustness, Unicorns, and Other Semi-Mythical Creatures in the Requirements Engineering Bestiary: Why "Types" of Software Requirements Are Often Misleading |date=2021-10-03 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594323 |pages=1β8 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/dasc52595.2021.9594323 |isbn=978-1-6654-3420-1 |s2cid=244137490 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |access-date=2022-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101044214/https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9594323/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MEPs decry inclusion of 'do no significant harm' principle in Horizon Europe |url=https://sciencebusiness.net/news/meps-decry-inclusion-do-no-significant-harm-principle-horizon-europe |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Science{{!}}Business |language=en |archive-date=2022-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406145950/https://sciencebusiness.net/news/meps-decry-inclusion-do-no-significant-harm-principle-horizon-europe |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2020, European Commission has been trying to simplify the Framework Program with limited success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=European Commission |date=April 2020 |title=Implementation Strategy for Horizon Europe - Version 1.0 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/research_and_innovation/strategy_on_research_and_innovation/documents/ec_rtd_implementation-strategy_he.pdf |access-date=14 April 2022 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214111525/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/research_and_innovation/strategy_on_research_and_innovation/documents/ec_rtd_implementation-strategy_he.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Simplification attempts were also taken by the [[UK Research and Innovation]].<ref>{{cite web |website=ukri.org |date=28 February 2022 |title=How we're improving your funding experience |url=https://www.ukri.org/apply-for-funding/how-were-improving-your-funding-experience/ |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320054225/https://www.ukri.org/apply-for-funding/how-were-improving-your-funding-experience/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
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