Editing Gap junction (section)

====Cell death====
The ''bystander effect'' has its connotations of the innocent bystander being killed. When cells are dying or compromised due to disease or injury, messages are transmitted to neighboring cells by gap junctions. This can cause otherwise healthy bystander cells to also die.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 8186287 | doi=10.1089/hum.1993.4.6-725 | volume=4 | issue=6 | title=In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the bystander effect observed with HSV tk retroviral gene therapy |date=December 1993 | journal=Hum. Gene Ther. | pages=725–31 | last1 = Li Bi | first1 = Wan | last2 = Parysek | first2 = Linda M. | last3 = Warnick | first3 = Ronald | last4 = Stambrook | first4 = Peter J.}}</ref> 

The [[Bystander effect (radiobiology)|bystander effect]] was later researched with regard to cells damaged by radiation or mechanical injury and in turn wound healing.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 12194273 | volume=99 | issue=1–4 | title=Bystander effects: intercellular transmission of radiation damage signals | year=2002 | journal=Radiat Prot Dosimetry | pages=159–62 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006751 | last1 = Little | first1 = JB | last2 = Azzam | first2 = EI | last3 = De Toledo | first3 = SM | last4 = Nagasawa | first4 = H}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 12194291 | volume=99 | issue=1–4 | title=Genotoxic damage in non-irradiated cells: contribution from the bystander effect | year=2002 | journal=Radiat Prot Dosimetry | pages=227–32 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006769 | last1 = Zhou | first1 = H | last2 = Randers-Pehrson | first2 = G | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = M | last4 = Waldren | first4 = CA | last5 = Hei | first5 = TK}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 12556327 | volume=79 | issue=1 | title=Radiation-induced genomic instability and bystander effects: related inflammatory-type responses to radiation-induced stress and injury? A review |date=January 2003 | journal=Int. J. Radiat. Biol. | pages=15–25 | last1 = Lorimore | first1 = SA | last2 = Wright | first2 = EG | doi=10.1080/0955300021000045664| s2cid=44821116 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 14617290 | volume=11 | issue=6 | title=Role for gap junctional intercellular communications in wound repair | year=2003 | journal=Wound Repair Regen | pages=481–9 | doi = 10.1046/j.1524-475X.2003.11616.x | last1 = Ehrlich | first1 = HP | last2 = Diez | first2 = T| s2cid=25113646 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 15927148 | doi=10.1016/j.bjps.2004.12.022 | volume=58 | issue=5 | title=Limiting burn extension by transient inhibition of Connexin43 expression at the site of injury |date=July 2005 | journal=Br J Plast Surg | pages=658–67 | last1 = Coutinho | first1 = P. | last2 = Qiu | first2 = C. | last3 = Frank | first3 = S. | last4 = Wang | first4 = C.M. | last5 = Brown | first5 = T. | last6 = Green | first6 = C.R. | last7 = Becker | first7 = D.L.| doi-access = free }}</ref> Disease seems to have an effect on the ability of gap junctions to fulfill their roles in wound healing.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 17717278 | doi=10.2337/db07-0613 | volume=56 | issue=11 | title=Abnormal connexin expression underlies delayed wound healing in diabetic skin |date=November 2007 | journal=Diabetes | pages=2809–17 | last1 = Wang | first1 = C. M. | last2 = Lincoln | first2 = J. | last3 = Cook | first3 = J. E. | last4 = Becker | first4 = D. L.| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 9550065 | volume=9 | issue=1 | title=Considerations for the aesthetic restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth following intracoronal bleaching | year=1997 | journal=Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent | pages=117–28 | last1 = Rivera | first1 = EM | last2 = Vargas | first2 = M | last3 = Ricks-Williamson | first3 = L}}</ref> The oral administration of gap junction blockers to reduce the symptoms of disease in remote parts of the body is slowly becoming a reality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mugisho |first1=Odunayo O. |last2=Aryal |first2=Jyoti |last3=Shorne |first3=Avik |last4=Lyon |first4=Heather |last5=Acosta |first5=Monica L. |last6=Green |first6=Colin R. |last7=Rupenthal |first7=Ilva D. |title=Orally Delivered Connexin43 Hemichannel Blocker, Tonabersat, Inhibits Vascular Breakdown and Inflammasome Activation in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Retinopathy |journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences |date=15 February 2023 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=3876 |doi=10.3390/ijms24043876|pmid=36835288 |pmc=9961562 |doi-access=free }}</ref>