Editing Gdańsk (section)

===Teutonic Order===
[[File:Gdanskmemorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Monument to defenders of Polish Gdańsk also commemorates the victims of the 1308 massacre carried out by the Teutonic Order.]]
{{main|Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)}}
In 1308, the town was taken by [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] and the Teutonic Knights restored order. Subsequently, the Order took over control of the town. Primary sources record a [[Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)|massacre]] carried out by the Teutonic Order against the local population,<ref name=Hess41>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=41}}</ref> of 10,000 people, but the exact number killed is subject of dispute in modern scholarship.<ref name=Boockmann158>[[Hartmut Boockmann]], ''Ostpreußen und Westpreußen'', Siedler, 2002, p. 158, {{ISBN|3-88680-212-4}}</ref> Multiple authors accept the number given in the original sources,<ref name="p.376">James Minahan, One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, {{ISBN|0-313-30984-1}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&dq=1308+Gdansk+massacre&pg=PA376 p. 376 Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102110148/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA376&dq=1308+Gdansk+massacre&as_brr=3&ei=cilQSPHSMom2iwGE8JU0&sig=OR_a7-g10jIZsYOJGkmBe5ZwfSY |date=2 November 2020 }}</ref> while others consider 10,000 to have been a medieval exaggeration, although scholarly consensus is that a massacre of some magnitude did take place.<ref name=Boockmann158/> The events were used by the Polish crown to condemn the Teutonic Order in a subsequent papal lawsuit.<ref name=Boockmann158/><ref name="Thomas Urban">[[Thomas Urban]]: "[http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php Rezydencja książąt Pomorskich]". {{in lang|pl}} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050825225724/http://www.thomas-urban.pl/gdansk.php |date=25 August 2005 }}</ref>

The knights colonized the area, replacing local [[Kashubians]] and Poles with German settlers.<ref name="p.376"/> In 1308, they founded ''Osiek Hakelwerk'' near the town, initially as a [[Lechites|Lechitic]] fishing settlement.<ref name=Hess41/> In 1340, the Teutonic Order constructed a large fortress, which became the seat of the knights' [[Komtur]].<ref name=Hess4142>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |pages=41–42}}</ref> In 1346 they changed the Town Law of the city, which then consisted only of the ''[[Rechtstadt]]'', to [[Kulm law]].<ref name=frankot>{{cite book |title='Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen': Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe |first=Edda |last=Frankot |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-7486-4624-1 |page=100}}</ref> In 1358, Danzig joined the [[Hanseatic League]], and became an active member in 1361.<ref name=Hess42>{{cite book |title=Danziger Wohnkultur in der frühen Neuzeit |first=Corina |last=Hess |publisher=LIT Verlag |location=Berlin-Hamburg-Münster |year=2007 |isbn=978-3-8258-8711-7 |page=42}}</ref> It maintained relations with the trade centres [[Bruges]], [[Veliky Novgorod|Novgorod]], [[Lisbon|Lisboa]], and [[Seville|Sevilla]].<ref name=Hess42/> Around 1377, the [[Old Town (Gdańsk)|Old Town]] was equipped with city rights as well.<ref name=Loew>{{cite book |title=Danzig: Biographie einer Stadt |first=Peter O. |last=Loew |publisher=C.H. Beck |location=München |year=2011 |isbn=978-3-406-60587-1 |page=43}}</ref> In 1380, the ''New Town'' was founded as the third, independent settlement.<ref name=Hess41/>

After a series of [[Polish–Teutonic Wars|Polish-Teutonic Wars]], in the [[Treaty of Kalisz (1343)]] the Order had to acknowledge that it would hold Pomerelia as a [[fief]] from the [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Polish Crown]]. Although it left the legal basis of the Order's possession of the province in some doubt, the city thrived as a result of increased exports of grain (especially wheat), timber, [[potash]], tar, and other goods of forestry from Prussia and Poland via the [[Vistula]] River [[trade route|trading routes]], although after its capture, the Teutonic Order tried to actively reduce the economic significance of the town. While under the control of the Teutonic Order German migration increased. The Order's religious networks helped to develop Danzig's literary culture.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sobecki |first1=Sebastian |title=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace |date=2016 |pages=635–41 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |isbn=9780198735359 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183041/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en& |url-status=live }}</ref> A new war broke out in 1409, culminating in the [[Battle of Grunwald]] (1410), and the city came under the control of the [[Poland during the Jagiellon dynasty|Kingdom of Poland]]. A year later, with the [[Peace of Thorn (1411)|First Peace of Thorn]], it returned to the Teutonic Order.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html |title=II Pokój Toruński i przyłączenie Gdańska do Rzeczpospolitej |work=mgdansk.pl |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019234200/http://www.mgdansk.pl/ii-pokoj-torunski-i-przylaczenie-gdanska-do-rzeczpospolitej,10.html |url-status=live }}</ref>