Editing Globalization (section)

==Political globalization==
{{Main|Political globalization}}
{{See also|Military globalization}}
[[File:67º Período de Sesiones de la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas (8020913157).jpg|thumb|The [[Headquarters of the United Nations|United Nations headquarters]] in [[New York City]]]]

Political globalization refers to the growth of the worldwide [[political system]], both in size and complexity. That system includes national governments, their [[governmental organizations|governmental]] and [[intergovernmental organizations]] as well as government-independent elements of [[global civil society]] such as [[international non-governmental organizations]] and [[social movement organization]]s. One of the key aspects of the political globalization is the declining importance of the [[nation-state]] and the rise of other actors on the political scene.
[[William R. Thompson]] has defined it as "the expansion of a global political system, and its institutions, in which inter-regional transactions (including, but certainly not limited to trade) are managed".<ref name="ModelskiDevezas2007">{{cite book|author1=George Modelski|author2=Tessaleno Devezas|author3=William R. Thompson|title=Globalization as Evolutionary Process: Modeling Global Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHKTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA59|date=20 December 2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97764-1|page=59}}</ref> 
Political globalization is one of the three main dimensions of globalization commonly found in academic literature, with the two other being [[economic globalization]] and [[cultural globalization]].<ref name="Ritzer2008-146"/>

[[Intergovernmentalism]] is a term in [[political science]] with two meanings. The first refers to a theory of regional integration originally proposed by [[Stanley Hoffmann]]; the second treats states and the national government as the primary factors for integration. [[Multi-level governance]] is an approach in [[political science]] and [[public administration theory]] that originated from studies on [[European integration]]. Multi-level governance gives expression to the idea that there are many interacting authority structures at work in the emergent global political economy. It illuminates the intimate entanglement between the domestic and international levels of authority.

Some people are citizens of multiple nation-states. [[Multiple citizenship]], also called dual citizenship or multiple nationality or dual nationality, is a person's citizenship status, in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen of more than one [[Sovereign state|state]] under the laws of those states.
[[File:US military bases in the world 2007.svg|thumb|300px|U.S. military presence around the world in 2007. {{as of|2015}}, the U.S. still had many [[List of United States military bases|bases and troops stationed globally]].<ref>{{cite news |title=These are all the countries where the US has a military presence |url=https://qz.com/374138/these-are-all-the-countries-where-the-us-has-a-military-presence/ |work=Quartz |date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802123437/https://qz.com/374138/these-are-all-the-countries-where-the-us-has-a-military-presence/ |archive-date=2 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Increasingly, [[non-governmental organization]]s influence public policy across national boundaries, including [[Humanitarianism|humanitarian aid]] and [[International development|developmental efforts]].<ref name="globall">Pawel Zaleski ''Global Non-governmental Administrative System: Geosociology of the Third Sector'', [in:] Gawin, Dariusz & Glinski, Piotr [ed.]: "Civil Society in the Making", IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006</ref> Philanthropic organizations with global missions are also coming to the forefront of humanitarian efforts; charities such as the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]], [[Accion International]], the Acumen Fund (now [[Acumen Fund|Acumen]]) and the Echoing Green have combined the [[business model]] with [[philanthropy]], giving rise to business organizations such as the [[Global Philanthropy Group]] and new associations of philanthropists such as the [[Global Philanthropy Forum]]. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation projects include a current multibillion-dollar commitment to funding immunizations in some of the world's more impoverished but rapidly growing countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Vaccine-Delivery|title=Vaccine Delivery|work=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531050637/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Vaccine-Delivery|archive-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> The [[Hudson Institute]] estimates total private philanthropic flows to developing countries at [[US$]]59 billion in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/2012IndexofGlobalPhilanthropyandRemittances.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730155329/http://www.hudson.org/files/publications/2012IndexofGlobalPhilanthropyandRemittances.pdf|title=''The Index of Global Philanthropy and Remittances 2012''. Hudson Institute Center for Global Prosperity.|archive-date=30 July 2012}}</ref>

As a response to globalization, some countries have embraced [[isolationist]] policies. For example, the [[North Korea]]n government makes it very difficult for foreigners to enter the country and strictly monitors their activities when they do. Aid workers are subject to considerable scrutiny and excluded from places and regions the government does not wish them to enter. Citizens cannot freely leave the country.<ref name=nkr>{{cite web |url=http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/2008-exodus.htm |title=North Korean Refugees NGO |publisher=Northkoreanrefugees.com |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618135156/http://www.northkoreanrefugees.com/2008-exodus.htm |archive-date=18 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name=unhcr>{{cite web|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,,PRK,4562d8cf2,487ca236c0,0.html |title=UNHCR Freedom in the World 2008 – North Korea |publisher=Unhcr.org |date=2 July 2008 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018022844/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country%2C%2C%2C%2CPRK%2C4562d8cf2%2C487ca236c0%2C0.html |archive-date=18 October 2012  }}</ref>

=== Globalization and gender ===
[[File:FEMEN Ukraine is not a brothel.jpg|thumb|From the documentary ''[[Ukraine Is Not a Brothel]]''. Radical group [[Femen]] protest against the increase in [[Sex tourism in Ukraine|sex tourism]] into Ukraine.]]{{Few sources|section|date=April 2024}}
Globalization has been a gendered process where giant multinational corporations have outsourced jobs to low-wage, low skilled, quota free economies like the ready made [[garment industry in Bangladesh]] where poor women make up the majority of labor force. Despite a large proportion of women workers in the garment industry, women are still heavily underemployed compared to men. Most women that are employed in the garment industry come from the countryside of Bangladesh triggering migration of women in search of garment work. It is still unclear as to whether or not access to paid work for women where it did not exist before has empowered them. The answers varied depending on whether it is the employers perspective or the workers and how they view their choices. Women workers did not see the garment industry as economically sustainable for them in the long run due to long hours standing and poor working conditions. Although women workers did show significant autonomy over their personal lives including their ability to negotiate with family, more choice in marriage, and being valued as a wage earner in the family. This did not translate into workers being able to collectively organize themselves in order to negotiate a better deal for themselves at work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Kabeer |first1=Nalia |title="Rags, Riches and Women Workers: Export-Oriented Garment Manufacturing in Bangladesh," from Linking Women Producers and Workers with Global Markets |last2=Simeen |last3=Mahmud |publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-85092-798-6 |location=London |pages=137, 147, 148, 150, 152}}</ref>

Another example of outsourcing in manufacturing includes the [[maquiladora]] industry in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico where poor women make up the majority of the labor force. Women in the maquiladora industry have produced high levels of turnover not staying long enough to be trained compared to men. A gendered two tiered system within the maquiladora industry has been created that focuses on training and worker loyalty. Women are seen as being untrainable, placed in un-skilled, low wage jobs, while men are seen as more trainable with less turnover rates, and placed in more high skilled technical jobs. The idea of training has become a tool used against women to blame them for their high turnover rates which also benefit the industry keeping women as temporary workers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Wright W. |first=Melissa |title="The Dialectics of Still Life: Murder, Women, and Disposability," from Disposable Women and Other Myths of Global Capitalism. |publisher=Routledge |year=2007 |location=New York |pages=73, 82, 83}}</ref>