Editing Gradient descent (section)

===Fast gradient methods===
[[Yurii Nesterov]] has proposed<ref>{{cite book |first=Yurii |last=Nesterov |author-link=Yurii Nesterov |title=Introductory Lectures on Convex Optimization : A Basic Course |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=1-4020-7553-7 }}</ref> a simple modification that enables faster convergence for convex problems and has been since further generalized. For unconstrained smooth problems, the method is called the [[fast gradient method]] (FGM) or the [[accelerated gradient method]] (AGM). Specifically, if the differentiable function <math>F</math> is convex and <math>\nabla F</math> is [[Lipschitz continuity|Lipschitz]], and it is not assumed that <math>F</math> is [[Convex function#Strongly convex functions|strongly convex]], then the error in the objective value generated at each step <math>k</math> by the gradient descent method will be [[Big O notation|bounded by]] <math display="inline">\mathcal{O}\left({k^{-1}}\right)</math>. Using the Nesterov acceleration technique, the error decreases at <math display="inline">\mathcal{O}\left({k^{-2}}\right)</math>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.seas.ucla.edu/~vandenbe/236C/lectures/fgrad.pdf |title=Fast Gradient Methods |work=Lecture notes for EE236C at UCLA |first=Lieven |last=Vandenberghe |date=2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walkington |first=Noel J. |date=2023 |title=Nesterov's Method for Convex Optimization |url=https://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/21M1390037 |journal=SIAM Review |language=en |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=539–562 |doi=10.1137/21M1390037 |issn=0036-1445}}</ref> It is known that the rate <math>\mathcal{O}\left({k^{-2}}\right)</math> for the decrease of the [[loss function|cost function]] is optimal for first-order optimization methods. Nevertheless, there is the opportunity to improve the algorithm by reducing the constant factor. The [[optimized gradient method]] (OGM)<ref>{{cite journal |first1=D. |last1=Kim |first2=J. A. |last2=Fessler |title=Optimized First-order Methods for Smooth Convex Minimization |journal=[[Mathematical Programming]] |volume=151 |issue=1–2 |pages=81–107 |year=2016 |doi=10.1007/s10107-015-0949-3 |pmid=27765996 |pmc=5067109 |arxiv=1406.5468 |s2cid=207055414 }}</ref> reduces that constant by a factor of two and is an optimal first-order method for large-scale problems.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Yoel |last=Drori |date=2017 |title=The Exact Information-based Complexity of Smooth Convex Minimization |journal=Journal of Complexity |volume=39 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1016/j.jco.2016.11.001 |arxiv=1606.01424 |s2cid=205861966 }}</ref>

For constrained or non-smooth problems, Nesterov's FGM is called the [[fast proximal gradient method]] (FPGM), an acceleration of the [[proximal gradient method]].