Editing Grammatical case (section)

== Examples ==

=== Arabic ===
An example of a Standard [[ʾIʿrab|Arabic case inflection]] is given below, using the singular forms of the Arabic term for "book" {{lang|ar|كِتَاب}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|kitāb}}'':
* {{lang|ar|كِتَابُ}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|kitāb'''u'''}}'' ([[Nominative case|Nominative]]): {{lang|ar|الكِتَابُ مُفِيد}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|al-kitāb'''u''' mufīd}}'' – (the book is useful)
* {{lang|ar|كِتَابَ}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|kitāb'''a'''}}'' ([[Accusative case|Accusative]]): {{lang|ar|إنَّ كِتَابَ العُلُومِ كَبِير}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|ʔinna kitāb'''a''' al-ʕulūmi kabīr}}'' – (the science book is big)
* {{lang|ar|كِتَابِ}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|kitāb'''i'''}}''  ([[Genitive case|Genitive]]): {{lang|ar|ذَهَبْتُ بِالكِتَابِ}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|ḏahabtu bil-kitāb'''i'''}}'' – (I went with the book)
The modern [[Varieties of Arabic|Arabic colloquial dialects]] have abandoned the grammatical cases of [[Classical Arabic]], and they are only used nowadays in [[Modern Standard Arabic]]. Standard Arabic is the only living [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]] that preserved the complete [[Proto-Semitic language|Proto-Semitic]] grammatical cases and [[ʾIʿrab|declension (ʾIʿrab)]]. In some dialects of Northern and Central Saudi Arabia, one encounters the [[nunation]] in the -in form, e.g. {{lang|ar|دَرْبٍ}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|darb'''in'''}}'', "a road" (as in {{lang|ar|دَرْبٍ طويل}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|darb'''in''' ṭiwīl}}'' vs. the common colloquial {{lang|ar|دَرْبْ طويل}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|darb ṭawīl}}''), apparently with the -i- of the former genitive, while -u < -un is preserved in some Yemenite colloquials when the noun is indeterminate (e.g. {{lang|ar|بَيْتُ}} ''{{translit|ar|ALA|bayt'''u'''}}'', "a house", but al-bayt, "the house").<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |url=https://e-learning.tsu.ge/pluginfile.php/5865/mod_resource/content/0/Lipinski_-_Semitic_Languages._Outline_of_a_Comparative_Grammar.pdf |title=Semitic Languages. Outline of a Comparative Grammar |date=1997 |publisher=Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies |pages=264}}</ref>

=== Australian Aboriginal languages ===
[[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian languages]] represent a diversity of case paradigms in terms of their alignment (i.e. [[Nominative–accusative alignment|nominative-accusative]] vs. [[Ergative–absolutive alignment|ergative-absolutive]]) and the morpho-syntactic properties of case inflection including where/how many times across a noun phrase the case morphology will appear. For typical [[r-expression]] noun phrases, most Australian languages follow a basic ERG-ABS template with additional cases for peripheral arguments; however, many Australian languages, the function of case marking extends beyond the prototypical function of specifying the syntactic and semantic relation of an NP to a predicate.<ref name=":0">Senge, Chikako. 2015. ''A Grammar of Wanyjirra, a language of Northern Australia''. The Australian National University Ph.D.</ref> Dench and Evans (1988)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dench|first1=Alan|last2=Evans|first2=Nicholas|date=1988-06-01|title=Multiple case-marking in Australian languages|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–47|doi=10.1080/07268608808599390|issn=0726-8602}}</ref> use a five-part system for categorizing the functional roles of case marking in Australian languages. They are enumerated below as they appear in Senge (2015):<ref name=":0" />

# '''Relational''': a suffix which represents syntactic or semantic roles of a noun phrase in clauses.
# '''Adnominal''': a suffix which relates a noun phrase to another within the one noun phrase.
# '''Referential''': a suffix which attaches to a noun phrase in agreement with another noun phrase which represents one of the core arguments in the clause.
# '''Subordinating''': a suffix which attaches to elements of a subordinate clause. Its functions are: (i) specifying temporal or logical (typically, causal and purposive) relationships between two clauses (Temporal-subordinator); (ii) indicating coreferential relationships between arguments in the two clauses (Concord-subordinator).
# '''Derivational''': a suffix which attaches to a bare stem before other case suffixes and create a new lexical item.

To illustrate this paradigm in action, take the case-system of [[Wanyjirra language|Wanyjirra]] for whose description Senge invokes this system. Each of the case markers functions in the prototypical relational sense, but many extend into these additional functions:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |Derivational
! rowspan="2" |Adnominal
! rowspan="2" |Relational
! rowspan="2" |Referential
! colspan="2" |Subordinator
|-
!C-SUB*
!T-SUB*
|-
![[Ergative case|Ergative]]
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|-
![[Dative case|Dative]]
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
![[Locative case|Locative]]
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
![[Allative case|Allative]]
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
!Purposive
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
![[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
![[Elative case|Elative]]
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|-
![[Comitative case|Comitative]]
|
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
!Originative
|
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
!Proprietive
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|
|-
![[Privative case|Privative]]
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
|
|
|}
[[Wanyjirra language|Wanyjirra]] is an example of a language in which case marking occurs on all sub-constituents of the NP; see the following example in which the demonstrative, head, and quantifier of the noun phrase all receive ergative marking:

{{interlinear|indent=2
| yalu-nggu mawun-du gujarra-lu ngu{{=}}wula yunbarn-ana junba
| DIST-ERG man-ERG two-ERG REAL{{=}}3.AUG.SBJ sing-PRES corroboree.ABS
| Those two men are singing corroboree.}}

However, this is by no means always the case or even the norm for Australian languages. For many, case-affixes are considered special-clitics (i.e. phrasal-affixes, see Anderson 2005<ref>{{cite book|last =Anderson|first =Stephen|date =2005|title =Aspects of the Theory of Clitics|publisher =Oxford University Press|doi =10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279906.001.0001|isbn =978-0-19-927990-6|url =http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279906.001.0001/acprof-9780199279906|archive-date =2018-06-02|access-date =2020-07-01|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20180602060449/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199279906.001.0001/acprof-9780199279906|url-status =live}}</ref>) because they have a singular fixed position within the phrase. For [[Bardi language|Bardi]], the case marker usually appears on the first phrasal constituent<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Bowern|first=Claire|title=A grammar of Bardi|date=2013|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|isbn=978-3-11-027818-7|location=Berlin|oclc=848086054}}</ref> while the opposite is the case for [[Wangkatja language|Wangkatja]] (i.e. the case marker is attracted to the rightmost edge of the phrase).<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Shoulson|first=Oliver|date=2019|title=Case Suffixes as Special Clitics in Wangkatja|language=en|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.10204.00649}}</ref> See the following examples respectively:

{{interlinear|indent=2
|top= '''Bardi'''<ref name=":1" />
| Boordiji-nim niiwandi aamba i-na-m-boo-na aril
| fat-ERG tall man 3-TR-PST-poke-REM.PST fish
| The tall fat man speared a fish.}}

{{interlinear|indent=2
|top= '''Wangkatja'''<ref name=":2" /><ref>Wangkatja dictionary 2008. (2008). Port Hedland, W.A: Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Language Centre.</ref>
| tjitji warta purlkana-ngka nyinarra-nyi
| child tree big-LOC sitting-?
| 'The child is sitting in the big tree.'}}

=== Basque ===
[[Basque language|Basque]] has the following cases, with examples given in the indefinite, definite singular, definite plural, and definite close plural of the word ''etxe'', "house", "home":

* [[Absolutive case|absolutive]] (''etxe, etxe'''a''', etxe'''ak''', etxe'''ok''''': "house, the / a house, (the / some) houses, these houses"),
* [[Ergative case|ergative]] (''etxe'''k''', etxe'''ak''', etxe'''ek''', etxe'''ok'''''),
* [[Dative case|dative]] (''etxe'''ri''', etxe'''ari''', etxe'''ei''', etxe'''oi'''''),
* [[Genitive case|genitive]] (''etxe'''ren''', etxe'''aren''', etxe'''en''', etxe'''on'''''),
* destinative (or benefactive: ''etxe'''rentzat''', etxe'''arentzat''', etxe'''entzat''', etxe'''ontzat'''''),
* motivative (or causal: ''etxe'''rengatik''', etxe'''arengatik''', etxe'''engatik''', etxe'''ongatik'''''),
* [[Sociative case|sociative]] (''etxe'''rekin''', etxe'''arekin''', etxe'''ekin''', etxe'''okin'''''),
* [[Instrumental case|instrumental]] (''etxe'''z''', etxe'''az''', etxe'''ez''', etxe'''oz'''''),
* [[Locative case|locative]] or inesive (''etxe'''tan''', etxe'''an''', etxe'''etan''', etxe'''otan'''''),
* [[Ablative case|ablative]] (''etxe'''tatik''', etxe'''tik''', exte'''etatik''', etxe'''otatik'''''),
* adlative (''etxe'''tara''', etxe'''ra''', etxe'''etara''', etxe'''otara'''''),
* directional adlative (''etxe'''tarantz''', etxe'''rantz''', etxe'''etarantz''', etxe'''otarantz'''''),
* terminative adlative (''etxe'''taraino''', etxe'''raino''', etxe'''etaraino''', etxe'''otaraino'''''),
* locative genitive (''etxe'''tako''', etxe'''ko''', etxe'''etako''', etxe'''otako'''''),
* [[Prolative case|prolative]] (etxe'''tzat'''), only in the indefinite grammatical number,
* [[Partitive case|partitive]] (etxe'''rik'''), only in the indefinite grammatical number, and
* [[Distributive case|distributive]] (''Bost liburu ikasle'''ko''' banatu dituzte'', "They have handed out five books to each student"), only in the indefinite grammatical number.

Some of them can be re-declined, even more than once, as if they were nouns (usually, from the genitive locative case), although they mainly work as noun modifiers before a noun clause:

* ''etxearena'' (that which is of the house), ''etxearenarekin'' (with the one which pertains to the house), 
* ''neskarentzako'' (which is for the girl), ''neskarentzakoan'' (in the one which is for the girl), 
* ''neskekiko'' (which is with the girls), ''neskekikoa'' (the one which is for the girls), 
* ''arazoarengatiko'' (which is because of the problem), ''arazoarengatikoak'' (the ones which are due to the problems), 
* ''zurezkoaz'' (by means of the wooden one), 
* ''etxeetakoaz'' (about the one which is in the houses), ''etxeetakoari'' (to the one which is in the houses), 
* ''etxetiko'' (which comes from the house), ''etxetikoa'' (the one which comes from the house), etxetikoari (to the one which comes from the house), 
* ''etxeetarako'' (which goes to the houses), ''etxeetarakoa'' (the one which goes to the houses), ''etxeetarakoaz'' (about the one which goes to the houses), 
* ''etxeranzko'' (which goes towards the house), ''etxeranzkoa'' (the one which goes to the house), ''etxeranzkoarena'' (the one which belongs to the one which goes to the house), 
* ''etxerainoko'' (which goes up to the house), ''etxerainokoa'' (the one which goes up to the house), ''etxerainokoarekin'' (with the one which goes up to the houses)...

=== German ===
In [[German language|German]], grammatical case is largely preserved in the articles and adjectives, but nouns have lost many of their original endings. Below is an example of case inflection in German using the masculine [[wikt:der#German|definite article]] and one of the German words for "sailor".

* {{lang|de|d'''er''' Seemann}} ([[nominative case|nominative]]) "the sailor" [as a subject] (e.g. ''Der Seemann steht da'' – the sailor is standing there)
* {{lang|de|d'''es''' Seemann'''(e)s'''}} ([[genitive case|genitive]]) "the sailor's / [of] the sailor" (e.g. {{lang|de|Der Name des Seemannes ist Otto}} – the name of the sailor is Otto)
* {{lang|de|d'''em''' Seemann'''(e)'''}} ([[dative case|dative]]) "[to/for] the sailor" [as an indirect object] (e.g. {{lang|de|Ich gab dem Seemann ein Geschenk}} – I gave a present to the sailor)
* {{lang|de|d'''en''' Seemann}} ([[accusative case|accusative]]) "the sailor" [as a direct object] (e.g. {{lang|de|Ich sah den Seemann}} – I saw the sailor)

An example with the feminine [[definite article]] with the German word for "woman".

* ''d'''ie''' Frau'' ([[Nominative case|nominative]]) "the woman" [as a subject] (e.g. ''Die Frau isst'' - the woman is eating)
* ''d'''er''' Frau'' ([[Genitive case|genitive]]) "the woman's / [of] the woman" (e.g. ''Die Katze der Frau ist weiß'' - the cat of the woman is white)
* ''d'''er''' Frau'' ([[Dative case|dative]]) "[to/for] the woman" [as an indirect object] (e.g. ''Ich gab der Frau ein Geschenk'' - I gave a present to the woman)
* ''d'''ie''' Frau'' ([[Accusative case|accusative]]) "the woman" [as a direct object] (e.g. ''Ich sah die Frau'' - I saw the woman)

An example with the neuter [[definite article]] with the German word for "book".

* ''d'''as''' Buch ([[Nominative case|nominative]])'' "the book" [as a subject] (e.g. ''Das Buch ist gut -'' the book is good)
* ''d'''es''' Buch'''(e)s''''' ([[Genitive case|genitive]]) "the book's/ [of] the book" (e.g. ''Die Seiten des Buchs sind grün'' - the pages of the book are green)
* ''d'''em''' Buch'''(e)''''' ([[Dative case|dative]]) "[to/for] the book" [as an indirect object] (e.g. ''Ich gab dem Buch einen Titel'' - I gave the book a title)
* ''d'''as''' Buch'' ([[Accusative case|accusative]]) "the book" [as a direct object] (e.g. ''Ich sah das Buch'' - I saw the book)

Proper names for cities have two [[Genitive case|genitive]] nouns:

* ''der Hauptbahnhof Berlin'''s''''' (primary [[Genitive case|genitive]]) "the main train station of Berlin"
* ''der Berlin'''er''' Hauptbahnhof'' (secondary [[Genitive case|genitive]]) "Berlin's main train station"

=== Hindi-Urdu ===
[[Hindustani language|Hindi]]-[[Urdu]] ([[Hindustani grammar|Hindustani]]) has three noun cases, the ''nominative,'' ''oblique'', and ''vocative'' cases. The vocative case is now obsolete (but still used in certain regions{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}) and the oblique case doubles as the vocative case. The pronoun cases in Hindi-Urdu are the ''nominative'', ''ergative'', ''accusative, dative'', and two ''oblique'' cases.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Corbett|first1=Greville G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=se05AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|title=Case and Grammatical Relations: Studies in honor of Bernard Comrie|last2=Noonan|first2=Michael|publisher=Jhn Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2008|isbn=9789027290182|location= Amsterdam/Philadelphia |pages=51}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Spencer|first=Andrew|date=2005|title=CASE IN HINDI|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267724707|journal =Proceedings of the LFG05 Conference}}</ref> The case forms which do not exist for certain pronouns are constructed using primary postpositions (or other [[grammatical particle]]s) and the oblique case (shown in parentheses in the table below).

The other cases are constructed [[Preposition and postposition|adpositionally]] using the case-marking postpositions using the nouns and pronouns in their oblique cases. The oblique case is used exclusively with these 8 case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu forming 10 grammatical cases, which are: ''ergative'' ने (ne), ''dative'' and ''accusative'' को (ko), ''instrumental'' and ''ablative'' से (se), ''genitive'' का (kā), ''inessive'' में (mẽ), ''adessive'' पे (pe), ''terminative'' तक (tak), ''semblative'' सा (sā).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Butt|first1=M.|last2=King|first2=Tracy Holloway|title=Clause Structure in South Asian Languages|date=2004|chapter=The Status of Case|series=Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory|volume=61|pages=153–198|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-2719-2_6|isbn=978-1-4020-2717-8|s2cid=115765466}}</ref>
{|
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |''Noun''<br>''cases''
! colspan="2" |''Masculine''
! colspan="2" |''Feminine''
|-
!''boy''
!''tree''
!''girl''
!''mother''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''Singular'''''
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|<small>लड़का</small>
lar̥kā
| rowspan="4" |<small>पेड़</small>
per̥
| rowspan="3" |<small>लड़की</small>
lar̥kī
| rowspan="3" |<small>माता</small>
mātā
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
| rowspan="3" |<small>लड़के</small>
lar̥ke
|-
|[[Vocative case|Vocative]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''''Plural'''''
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|<small>लड़कियाँ</small>
lar̥kiyã
|<small>माताएँ</small>
mātaẽ
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
| rowspan="2" |<small>लड़कों</small>
lar̥kõ
| rowspan="2" |<small>पेड़ों</small>
per̥õ
| rowspan="2" |<small>लड़कियों</small>
lar̥kiyõ
|<small>माताओं</small>
mātāõ
|-
|[[Vocative case|Vocative]]
|<small>माताओ</small>
mātāo
|}
|valign="top"|
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |''Pronoun''<br>''cases''
! colspan="2" |''1st Person''
! colspan="3" |''2nd Person''
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Singular''
! rowspan="2" |''Plural''
!''Singular''
! colspan="2" |''Singular & Plural''
|-
!''Intimate''
!''Familiar''
!''Formal''
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]
|<small>मैं</small>
ma͠i
|<small>हम</small>
ham
|<small>तू</small>
tū
|<small>तुम</small>
tum
|<small>आप</small>
āp
|-
|[[Ergative case|Ergative]]
|<small>मैंने</small> 
ma͠ine
|<small>हमने</small> 
hamne
|<small>तूने</small> 
tūne
|<small>तुमने</small> 
tumne
|<small>आपने</small>
āpne
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| rowspan="2" |<small>मुझे</small>
mujhe
| rowspan="2" |<small>हमें</small>
hamẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>तुझे</small>
tujhe
| rowspan="2" |<small>तुम्हें</small>
tumhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>(आपको)</small>
āpko
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
|<small>मुझ</small>
mujh
|<small>हम</small>
ham
|<small>तुझ</small>
tujh
|<small>तुम</small>
tum
|<small>आप</small>
āp
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br><small>(emphasised)</small>
|<small>मुझी</small>
mujhī
|<small>हमीं</small>
hamī̃
|<small>तुझी</small>
tujhī
|<small>तुम्हीं</small>
tumhī̃
|<small>(आप ही)</small>
āp hī
|}
|
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |''Pronoun''<br>''cases''
! colspan="4" |''Demonstrative''
! colspan="2" |''Relative''
! colspan="2" |''Interrogative''
|-
! colspan="2" |''Proximal''
! colspan="2" |''Distal''
! rowspan="2" |''Singular''
! rowspan="2" |''Plural''
! rowspan="2" |''Singular''
! rowspan="2" |''Plural''
|-
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
!''Singular''
!''Plural''
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br><small>(colloquial)</small>
| colspan="2" |<small>ये</small>
ye
| colspan="2" |<small>वो</small>

vo
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<small>जो</small>
jo
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |<small>कौन, क्या</small><sup>'''1'''</sup>
kaun, kyā
|-
|[[Nominative case|Nominative]]<br><small>(literary)</small>
|<small>यह</small>
yah
|<small>ये</small>
ye
|<small>वह</small>
vah
|<small>वे</small>
ve
|-
|[[Ergative case|Ergative]]
|<small>इसने</small> 
isne
|<small>इन्होंने</small>
inhõne
|<small>उसने</small>
usne
|<small>उन्होंने</small>
unhõne
|<small>जिसने</small>
jisne
|<small>जिन्होंने</small>
jinhõne
|<small>किसने</small>
kisne
|<small>किन्होंने</small>
kinhõne
|-
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
| rowspan="2" |<small>इसे</small>
ise
| rowspan="2" |<small>इन्हें</small>
inhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>उसे</small>
use
| rowspan="2" |<small>उन्हें</small>
unhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>जिसे</small>
jise
| rowspan="2" |<small>जिन्हें</small>
jinhẽ
| rowspan="2" |<small>किसे</small>
kise
| rowspan="2" |<small>किन्हें</small>
kinhẽ
|-
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]
|<small>इस</small>
is
|<small>इन</small>
in
|<small>उस</small>
us
|<small>उन</small>
un
|<small>जिस</small>
jis
|<small>जिन</small>
jin
|<small>किस</small>
kis
|<small>किन</small>
kin
|-
|[[Oblique case|Oblique]]<br><small>(emphasised)</small>
|<small>इसी</small>
isī
|<small>इन्हीं</small>
inhī̃
|<small>उसी</small>
usī
|<small>उन्हीं</small>
unhī̃
|<small>(जिस भी)</small>
jis bhī
|<small>(जिन भी)</small>
jin bhī
|<small>किसी</small>
kisī
|<small>किन्हीं</small>
kinhī̃
|}
|-
| colspan="3" |<sup>'''1'''</sup> ''कौन'' ''(kaun) is the animate interrogative pronoun and क्या (kyā) is the inanimate interrogative pronoun.''
|-
| colspan="3" |'''''Note:''' Hindi lacks 3rd person personal pronouns and to compensate the demonstrative pronouns are used as 3rd person personal pronouns.''
|}

=== Latin ===
An example of a [[Latin]] case inflection is given below, using the singular forms of the Latin term for "cook", which belongs to [[wikt:Appendix:Latin second declension|Latin's second declension class]].

* {{wikt-lang|la|coqu'''us'''}} ([[nominative case|nominative]]) "[the] cook" [as a subject] (e.g. {{lang|la|coquus ibī stat}} – the cook is standing there)
* {{lang|la|coqu'''ī'''}} ([[genitive case|genitive]]) "[the] cook's / [of the] cook" (e.g. {{lang|la|nōmen coquī Claudius est}} – the cook's name is Claudius)
* {{lang|la|coqu'''ō'''}} ([[dative case|dative]]) "[to/for the] cook" [as an indirect object] (e.g. {{lang|la|coquō dōnum dedī}} – I gave a present to the cook)
* {{lang|la|coqu'''um'''}} ([[accusative case|accusative]]) "[the] cook" [as a direct object] (e.g. {{lang|la|coquum vīdī}} – I saw the cook)
* {{lang|la|coqu'''ō'''}} ([[ablative case|ablative]]) "[by/with/from/in the] cook" [in various uses not covered by the above] (e.g. {{lang|la|sum altior coquō}} – I am taller than the cook: ablative of comparison)
* {{lang|la|coqu'''e'''}} ([[vocative case|vocative]]) "[you] the cook" [addressing the object] (e.g. {{lang|la|grātiās tibi agō, coque}} – I thank you, cook)

For some toponyms, a seventh case, the [[locative case|locative]], also exists, such as {{lang|la|Mediolān'''ī'''}} (in [[Milan|Mediolanum]]).

The [[Romance languages]] have largely abandoned or simplified the grammatical cases of Latin. Much like English, most Romance case markers survive only in pronouns.

=== Lithuanian ===
Typically in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], only the inflection changes for the seven different grammatical cases:

* Nominative (''{{wikt-lang|lt|vardininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šuo}} – {{lang|lt|Tai yra šuo}} – "This is a dog."
* Genitive (''{{wikt-lang|lt|kilmininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šuns}} – {{lang|lt|Tomas paėmė šuns kaulą}} – "Tom took the dog's bone."
* Dative (''{{wikt-lang|lt|naudininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šuniui}} – {{lang|lt|Jis davė kaulą kitam šuniui}} – "He gave the bone to another dog."
* Accusative (''{{wikt-lang|lt|galininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šunį}} – {{lang|lt|Jis nuprausė šunį}} – "He washed the dog."
* Instrumental (''{{wikt-lang|lt|įnagininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šunimi}} – {{lang|lt|Jis šunimi išgąsdino kates}} – He scared the cats with (using) the dog.
* Locative (''{{wikt-lang|lt|vietininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šunyje}} – {{lang|lt|Susitiksime „Baltame šunyje“}} – "We'll meet at the White Dog (Cafe)."
* Vocative (''{{wikt-lang|lt|šauksmininkas}}''): {{lang|lt|šunie}} – {{lang|lt|Jis sušuko: Ei, šunie!}} – "He shouted: Hey, dog!"

=== Hungarian ===
[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] declension is relatively simple with regular suffixes attached to the vast majority of nouns. The following table lists all of the cases used in Hungarian.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''{{wikt-lang|hu|ház|i=no}}''' – house, {{Wikt-lang|hu|kettő|i=no}} – two
|-
! Case
! Meaning
! Suffix
! Example
! Meaning of the example
|-
|[[Nominative case]]
| subject
| {{IPA|∅}}
|{{lang|hu|ház}}
| house (as a subject)
|-
|[[Accusative case]]
| direct object
| {{lang|hu|-ot/(-at)/-et/-öt/-t}}
|{{lang|hu|házat}}
| house (as an object)
|-
|[[Dative case]]
| indirect object
| {{lang|hu|-nak/-nek}}
|{{lang|hu|háznak}}
| to the house
|-
|[[Genitive case]]
|possession
|{{Lang|hu|-é}}
|{{Lang|hu|házé}}
|of the house (belonging to)
|-
|[[Instrumental-comitative case]]
| with
| {{lang|hu|-val/-vel}} ([[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assim.]])
|''házzal''
| with the house
|-
|[[Causal-final case]]
| for, for the purpose of
| {{lang|hu|-ért}}
| {{Lang|hu|házért}}
| for the house
|-
|[[Translative case]]
| into (used to show transformation)
| {{lang|hu|-vá/-vé}} ([[Assimilation (linguistics)|Assim.]])
|''házzá''
| [turn] into a house
|-
|[[Terminative case]]
| as far as, up to
| {{lang|hu|-ig}}
|{{lang|hu|házig}}
| as far as the house
|-
|[[Illative case]]
|into (location)
| {{Lang|hu|-ba/-be}}
|{{lang|hu|házba}}
|into the house
|-
|[[Adessive case]]
|at
|{{Lang|hu|-nál/-nél}}
|{{Lang|hu|háznál}}
|at the house
|-
|[[Ablative case]]
|from (away from)
|{{Lang|hu|-tól/-től}}
|{{Lang|hu|háztól}}
|(away) from the house
|-
|[[Elative case]]
|from (out of)
|{{Lang|hu|-ból/-ből}}
|{{Lang|hu|házból}}
|from the inside of the house
|-
|[[Sublative case]]
|onto (movement towards a thing)
|{{Lang|hu|-ra/-re}}
|{{Lang|hu|házra}}
|onto the house
|-
|[[Superessive case]]
|on/upon (static position)
|{{Lang|hu|-n/-on/-en/-ön}}
|{{Lang|hu|házon}}
|on top of the house
|-
|[[Delative case]]
|from (movement away from a thing)
|{{Lang|hu|-ról/-röl}}
|{{Lang|hu|házról}}
|from on top of the house, about the house
|-
|[[Temporal case]]
|at (used to indicate time or moment)
|{{Lang|hu|-kor}}
|{{Lang|hu|kettőkor}}
|at two (o'clock)
|-
|[[Sociative case]]
|with (archaic)
|''-stul/-stül''
|''házastul''
|with the house
|-
|[[Locative case]]
|in
|{{Lang|hu|-ban/-ben}}
|''házban''
|in the house, inside the house
|-
|Types of
|types or variants of a thing
|{{Lang|hu|-féle}}
|{{Lang|hu|kettőféle ház}}
|two types of houses
|}

=== Russian ===
{{main|Russian declension}}

An example of a [[Russian language|Russian]] case inflection is given below (with explicit stress marks), using the singular forms of the Russian term for "sailor", which belongs to Russian's first declension class.
* {{wikt-lang|ru|моря́к}} ([[nominative case|nominative]]) "[the] sailor" [as a subject] (e.g. {{lang|ru|Там стоит моряк}}: The sailor is standing there)
* {{lang|ru|моряк'''á'''}} ([[genitive case|genitive]]) "[the] sailor's / [of the] sailor" (e.g. {{lang|ru|Сын моряка — художник}}: The sailor's son is an artist)
* {{lang|ru|моряк'''у́'''}} ([[dative case|dative]]) "[to/for the] sailor" [as an indirect object] (e.g. {{lang|ru|Моряку подарили подарок}}: (They/Someone) gave a present to the sailor)
* {{lang|ru|моряк'''á'''}} ([[accusative case|accusative]]) "[the] sailor" [as a direct object] (e.g. {{lang|ru|Вижу моряка}}: (I) see the sailor)
* {{lang|ru|моряк'''о́м'''}} ([[Instrumental case|instrumental]]) "[with/by the] sailor" (e.g. {{lang|ru|Дружу с моряком}}: (I) have a friendship with the sailor)
* {{lang|ru|о/на/в моряк'''е́'''}} ([[Prepositional case|prepositional]]) "[about/on/in the] sailor" (e.g. {{lang|ru|Думаю о моряке}}: (I) think about the sailor)

Up to ten additional cases are identified by linguists, although today all of them are either incomplete (do not apply to all nouns or do not form full word paradigm with all combinations of gender and number) or degenerate (appear identical to one of the main six cases). The most recognized additional cases are locative ({{lang|ru|в лесу́, на мосту́, в слеза́х}}), partitive ({{lang|ru|ча́ю, са́хару, песку́}}), and two forms of vocative — old ({{lang|ru|Го́споди, Бо́же, о́тче}}) and neo-vocative ({{lang|ru|Маш, пап, ребя́т}}). Sometimes, so called count-form (for some countable nouns after numerals) is considered to be a sub-case.

=== Sanskrit ===
Grammatical case was analyzed extensively in [[Sanskrit]]. The grammarian [[Pāṇini]] identified six semantic [[Theta role|roles]] or ''kāraka'',<ref>Pieter Cornelis Verhagen, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5vmaX_JQzc4C&pg=PA281 Handbook of oriental studies: India. A history of Sanskrit grammatical literature in Tibet, Volume 2]'', BRILL, 2001, {{ISBN|90-04-11882-9}}, p. 281.</ref> which are related to the following eight Sanskrit cases in order:<ref>''[[s:Sanskrit Grammar/Chapter V#Nouns and Adjectives|W.D. Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar]]''</ref>
{|
|
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Case
! colspan="3" |Root word: वृक्ष (vṛ́kṣa) [Tree]
|-
!Singular
!Dual
!Plural
|-
| Kartṛ 
कर्तृ 
|[[nominative case|Nominative]]
|वृक्षः

vṛkṣaḥ
| rowspan="3" |वृक्षौ
vṛkṣau
| rowspan="2" |वृक्षाः / वृक्षासः¹
vṛkṣāḥ / vṛkṣāsaḥ¹
|-
|Sambodhana 
सम्बोधन
|[[Vocative case|Vocative]]
|वृक्ष

vṛkṣa
|-
| Karma
कर्म 
|[[Accusative case|Accusative]]
|वृक्षम्
vṛkṣam
|वृक्षान्
vṛkṣān
|-
| Karaṇa
करण 
|[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|वृक्षेण

vṛkṣeṇa
| rowspan="3" |वृक्षाभ्याम्

vṛkṣābhyām
|वृक्षैः / वृक्षेभिः¹
vṛkṣaiḥ / vṛkṣebhiḥ¹
|-
| Sampradāna
सम्प्रदान 
|[[Dative case|Dative]]
|वृक्षाय
vṛkṣāya
| rowspan="2" |वृक्षेभ्यः
vṛkṣebhyaḥ
|-
| Apādāna
अपादान 
|[[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|वृक्षात्
vṛkṣāt
|-
| Sambandha
सम्बन्ध 
|[[Genitive case|Genitive]]
|वृक्षस्य
vṛkṣasya
| rowspan="2" |वृक्षयोः
vṛkṣayoḥ
|वृक्षाणाम्
vṛkṣāṇām
|-
| Adhikaraṇa 
अधिकरण 
|[[Locative case|Locative]]
|वृक्षे
vṛkṣe
|वृक्षेषु
vṛkṣeṣu
|}
|-
|'''¹''' Vedic
|}
For example, in the following sentence ''leaf'' is the agent (''kartā'', nominative case), ''tree'' is the source (''apādāna'', ablative case), and ''ground'' is the locus (''adhikaraṇa'', locative case). The [[Sanskrit nouns#Basic noun and adjective declension"|declensions]] are reflected in the morphemes ''-āt'', ''-am'', and ''-au'' respectively.

{{interlinear|indent=2
| vṛkṣ-āt parṇ-am bhūm-au patati
| {'''from''' the tree} {a leaf} {'''on''' the ground} falls
|}}

However, the cases may be deployed for other than the default thematic roles. A notable example is the passive construction. In the following sentence, ''Devadatta'' is the ''kartā'', but appears in the instrumental case, and ''rice'', the ''karman'', object, is in the nominative case (as subject of the verb). The [[Sanskrit nouns#Basic noun and adjective declension"|declensions]] are reflected in the morphemes ''-ena'' and ''-am''.

{{interlinear|indent=2
| devadatt-ena odan-am pacyate
| {'''by''' Devadatta} {the rice} {is cooked}
|}}

=== Tamil ===
The [[Tamil language|Tamil]] case system is analyzed in native and missionary grammars as consisting of a finite number of cases.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/h_sch_9a.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040328173005/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/public/h_sch_9a.pdf |archive-date=2004-03-28 |url-status=live |title=The Tamil Case System |publisher=Ccat.sas.upenn.edu |access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref name="JSTOR600654">{{cite journal |title=Dravidian Case-Suffixes: Attempt at a Reconstruction |author=K. V. Zvelebil |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=92 |issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=272–276 |jstor=600654 |doi=10.2307/600654}}</ref> The usual treatment of Tamil case (Arden 1942)<ref>Arden, A.H. 1942, repr. 1969. ''A Progressive Grammar of the Tamil Language''. Madras: Christian Literature Society.</ref> is one in which there are seven cases: nominative (first case), accusative (second case), instrumental (third), dative (fourth), ablative (fifth), genitive (sixth), and locative (seventh). In traditional analyses, there is always a clear distinction made between post-positional morphemes and case endings. The vocative is sometimes given a place in the case system as an eighth case, but vocative forms do not participate in usual morphophonemic alternations and do not govern the use of any postpositions. Modern grammarians, however, argue that this eight-case classification is coarse and artificial<ref name="JSTOR600654" /> and that Tamil usage is best understood if each suffix or combination of suffixes is seen as marking a separate case.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Standardization or restandardization: The case for "Standard" Spoken Tamil |author=Harold F. Schiffman |journal=Language in Society |volume=27 |issue=3 |date=June 1998 |pages=359–385 |doi=10.1017/S0047404598003030}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Case !! colspan="2" | Suffixes!! Example: மன்னன் (mannan) [king]
|-
| First case ||[[nominative case|Nominative]]|| colspan="2" | —
| 
* மன்னன் (mannan)
|-
| Second case ||[[Accusative case|Accusative]]|| 
* ai
|
* ஐ 
| 
* மன்னனை (mannanai)
|-
| Third case ||[[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]|| 
* al
* udan, 
* kondu
|
* ஆல், உடன்
* கொண்டு 
| 
* மன்னனால் (mannanaal)
* மன்னனுடன் (mannanudan)
* மன்னனோடு (mannanOdu)
|-
| Fourth case || [[Dative case|Dative]] || 
* (u)kku
* poruttu
* aaga
|
* கு
* பொருட்டு
* ஆக 
| 
* மன்னனுக்கு (mannanukku)
* மன்னனின்  பொருட்டு (mannanin poruttu)
* மன்னனுக்காக (mannanukkaaga)
|-
| Fifth case || [[Ablative case|Ablative]]|| 
* in
* il
* ilrundu
|
* இன்
* இல்
* இருந்து 
| 
* மன்னனின் (mannanin)
* மன்னனில் (mannanil)
* மன்னனிலிருந்து (mannanilirundu)
|-
| Sixth case || [[Genitive case|Genitive]] || 
* athu
* udaiya
|
* அது
* உடைய 
| 
* மன்னனது (mannanadu)
* மன்னனுடைய (mannanudaiya)
|-
| Seventh case || [[Locative case|Locative]] || 
* il
* idam
* kaṇ (Old Tamil)
|
* இல்
* இடம்
* கண் (Old Tamil) 
| 
* வீட்டில் (vīṭṭil)
* மன்னனிடம் (mannanidam)
|-
|Eighth case ||[[Vocative case|Vocative]]||
* e
* a
|
* ஏ
* ஆ 
| 
* மன்னனே (mannanE)
* மன்னவா(mannavaa)
|}

=== Turkish ===
Modern Turkish has six cases (In Turkish ''İsmin Hâlleri'').
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!
!Nominative<br>What? Who?
! Accusative{{efn|Yaşamı sevmek, gazeteyi okumak, camları silmek, ödevini yapmak, sesini duymak, kapıyı açmak, üzümü toplamak. '''Not''': Saat yedi'''yi''' beş geçiyor. Üç'''ü''' çeyrek geçiyor.}}<br> What? Who?
! Dative{{efn|Saat dokuz'''a''' on var. On iki'''ye''' çeyrek var. Kaç liraya? Kaça?}}{{efn|Edatlardan –e ile bağlananlar: bize göre, bize karşı, her şeye karşın, kışa doğru, o konuya dair, size ait, yağmura karşın, iyiliklerine karşılık}}{{efn|''ben, sen''person pronouns: Ben-e> bana, sen-e>sana}}<br> To whom?
! Locative{{efn|Kesir sayları kurar: Yüzde yirmi faiz, dörtte bir elma, yüzde yetmiş devam, binde bir olasılık, yüzde on beş indirim.}}{{efn|-de+ek-fill örneği: –Yarın evde misiniz? – Yok, okuldayım. – Şimdi neredesiniz?  - Şu anda dersteyiz. Otur-mak-'''ta'''-dır (oturuyor), otur-mak-'''ta'''-y-dı (oturuyordu), otur-mak-'''ta'''-y-mış (oturuyormuş), otur-mak-'''ta'''-y-sa (oturuyorsa).}}<br> Where? Whom?
! Ablative{{efn|Some prepositions of name connects with ''–den'': –den önce, - den sonra, -den dolayı, - den beri, -den itibaren, -den başka vb. kahvaltıdan önce, yemekten sonra, yağmurdan dolayı, öğleden beri, bügünden itibaren, Ayça’dan başka.}}{{efn|-den+ek-fill (ait olma bildirir): Kimlerdensiniz? Alp te bizdendir. (Bizim takımdandır.) Bulgaristan göçmenlerindenmiş. Sizin öğrencilerinizdenim.}}<br> Where from? From whom? Why?
! Genitive<br> Whose? What's wrong?
|-
!Singular
|çiçe'''k''' / (a/the) flower (nom)
| çiçe'''ği''' / (a/the) flower (acc)
| çiçe'''ğe''' / to (a/the) flower
| çiçek'''te''' / in (a/the) flower
| çiçe'''kten''' / from (a/the) flower
| çiçe'''ğin''' / of (a/the) flower
|-
!Plural
|çiçe'''kler''' / (the) flowers (nom)
|çiçe'''kleri''' / (the) flowers (acc)
|çiçe'''klere''' / to (the) flowers
|çiçe'''klerde''' / in (the) flowers
|çiçe'''klerden''' / from (the) flowers
|çiçe'''klerin''' / of (the) flowers
|}

The accusative can exist only in the noun(whether it is derived from a verb or not). For example, "Arkadaşlar bize gel'''meyi''' düşünüyorlar." (Friends are thinking of com'''ing''' to us).

The dative can exist only in the noun (whether it is derived from a verb or not). For example, "Bol bol kitap oku'''maya''' çalışıyorum." (I try '''to read''' a lot of books).<ref>[http://turkilan.readymaker.ru/public/lessons/infinitive_suffix_mak_forms_mak_istemek_mayi_maya 2. accusative affix -mayı 3. dative affix -maya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704151553/http://turkilan.readymaker.ru/public/lessons/infinitive_suffix_mak_forms_mak_istemek_mayi_maya |date=2020-07-04 }};</ref>