Editing Ground-level power supply (section)

===Alstom APS===
[[File:New trams operating in George street Sydney CBD - late December 2019 - 49281061742.jpg|thumb|right|[[CBD and South East Light Rail|Light rail at the Queen Victoria Building, Sydney]], 2019. Vehicles and pedestrians are free to move across the APS rail between the rail tracks, as segments of the rail are powered only when there is a compatible vehicle covering them.]]
[[Alstom APS]] uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into 11-metre segments. These segments automatically switch on by radio control only when a tram is passing over them, thereby avoiding any risk to other road users. The tram has two collector shoes, and two segments of rail are active at any given time, to avoid interruption of power when passing between segments. APS was developed by Innorail, a subsidiary of [[Spie Batignolles|Spie Enertrans]] but was sold to [[Alstom]] when Spie was acquired by [[Amec Foster Wheeler|Amec]]. It was originally created for the [[Bordeaux tramway]], which started construction in 2000 and opened in 2003, becoming the first modern commercial ground-level power supply system. From 2011, [[Alstom APS#Other cities|the technology has been used in a number of other cities around the world]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Third-rail trams across the Garonne |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=February 1, 2004 |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/third-rail-trams-across-the-garonne.html |access-date=May 2, 2008 |archive-date=April 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100426115224/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/third-rail-trams-across-the-garonne.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=alaps>{{cite web |url=https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/infrastructure/aps-service-proven-catenary-free-tramway-operations |title=APS: Service-proven catenary-free tramway operations |publisher=Alstom |access-date=2020-11-29 |archive-date=2020-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129173728/https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/infrastructure/aps-service-proven-catenary-free-tramway-operations}}</ref>

The French government reports no electrocutions or electrification accidents on any tramway in France from as early as 2003<ref name="accidents-2003-2010">{{citation |url=https://balise.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Balise/0065/Balise-0065470/TW_Rapport%20annuel_2010_V2.pdf |title=ACCIDENTOLOGIE DES TRAMWAYS - Analyse des évènements déclarés année 2010 - évolution 2003-2010 |author=Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays |date=November 2011}}</ref> until as recently as December 31, 2022.<ref name="accidents-2003-2010" /><ref name="2010-2020">{{citation |url=https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/1_-_accidentologie_tramways_2020_-_strmtg.pdf |title=Accidentologie « tramways » – Données 2020 |author=Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - Division TramWays |date=October 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name="2013-2022">{{citation |url=https://balise.documentation.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/docs/Balise/0065/Balise-0065942/Rapport_annuel_TW_2022_V1.pdf |title=Rapport annuel 2022 sur le parc, le trafic et les événements d’exploitation tramways  |author=Service Technique des Remontées Mécaniques et des Transports Guidés - STRMTG |date=December 19, 2023}}</ref>

Alstom further developed the APS system for use with buses and other vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/|title=Alstom transfers tram power supply technology to buses|work=Rail Insider|date=26 September 2019|accessdate=29 November 2020|archivedate=29 November 2020|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129165355/https://www.railinsider.co.uk/2019/09/26/alstom-transfers-tram-power-supply-technology-to-buses/}}</ref> The system has been tested for safety when the road is cleared by [[snowplow]]s, under exposure to snow, ice, salting, and saturated [[brine]],<ref>{{citation |url=https://proceedings-calgary2022.piarc.org/ressources/files/2/IP0063-DUPRAT-E-Full.pdf |title=Compatibility of an in-road Electric Road System with winter service operations |author=Patrick Duprat |publisher=[[PIARC]] |others=Alstom |date=February 11, 2022}}</ref> and for [[Skid (automobile)|skid]] and road adherence safety for vehicles, including motorcycles.<ref name="Cercle-des-Transports-2024-01" /> Alstom will trial its electric road system (ERS) on the public road [[Route nationale 205|RN205]]<reF>{{citation |url=https://www.atmb.com/press_release/atmb-shell-mise-en-service-station-gaz-naturel-liquefie-gnl/ |title=Les aides proposées par ATMB à ses clients légers et lourds pour la décarbonation des transports |date=June 30, 2023 |website=ATMB}}</ref> in the [[Rhône-Alpes]] region between 2024 and 2027.<ref name="Pastre2023">{{citation |url=https://trm24.fr/lancement-du-projet-de-recherche-eroadmontblanc/ |title=L'APS d'Alstom bientôt testé sur les routes |author=Jean-Philippe Pastre |website=TRM24 |date=June 30, 2023}}</ref> The system is expected to supply 500kW of power for electric heavy trucks, as well as power for road utility vehicles and [[electric car]]s<ref name="Cercle-des-Transports-2024-01">{{citation |url=https://www.cercledestransports.fr/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/2024-01-16-cercle_transports_ers_eroadmtboanc_duprat.pdf |title=Présentation du projet eRoadMontBlanc |date=January 16, 2024 |website=Cercle des Transports |author=Patrick Duprat}}</ref> driving at up to {{convert|90|km/h}}.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.eiffage.com/en/media/news/eiffage-energie-systemes-installs-the-substation-for-the-european-eroadmontblanc-demonstrator-for-eiffage-route |title=Eiffage Énergie Systèmes installs the substation for the European eRoadMontBlanc demonstrator |date=March 25, 2025 |website=[[Eiffage]]}}</ref>