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History of broadcasting
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=== Canada === {{Main|History of broadcasting in Canada}} The history of broadcasting in Canada begins as early as 1919 with the first experimental broadcast programs in Montreal. The Canadians were swept up in the radio craze and built crystal sets to listen to American stations while The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada offered its first commercially produced radio-broadcast receiver (Model "C") in 1921, followed by its "Marconiphone" Model I in 1923. Main themes in the history include the development of the engineering technology; the construction of stations across the country and the building of networks; the widespread purchase and use of radio and television sets by the general public; debates regarding state versus private ownership of stations; financing of the broadcasts media through the government, license fees, and advertising; the changing content of the programming; the impact of the programming on Canadian identity; the media's influence on shaping audience responses to music, sports and politics; the role of the Québec government; Francophone versus Anglophone cultural tastes; the role of other ethnic groups and First Nations; fears of American cultural imperialism via the airwaves; and the impact of the Internet and smartphones on traditional broadcasting media.<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Armstrong|title=Broadcasting Policy in Canada|date=January 2010 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=9781442610354}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Marc|last=Raboy|title=Missed Opportunities: The Story of Canada's Broadcasting Policy|year=1990|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP |isbn=978-0773507753}}</ref> Radio signals carried long distances, and a number of American stations could easily be received in parts of Canada. The first Canadian station was CFCF, originally an experimental station from the Marconi Company in Montreal.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mary|last=Vipond|title=Listening In: The First Decade of Canadian Broadcasting 1922-1932|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=1992|isbn=9780773509177}}</ref> Civilian use of Wireless Telegraphy had been forbidden in Canada for the duration of World War I. The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada was the only one to retain the right to continue radio experiments for military use. This proved instrumental in giving the company a lead in developing an experimental radio broadcasting station immediately after the war. The first radio broadcast in Canada was accomplished by The Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of Canada in Montreal on December 1, 1919 under the call sign XWA (for "Experimental Wireless Apparatus") from its Williams Street factory. The station began regular programming on May 20, 1920 and its call letters were changed to CFCF on November 4, 1920.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=R.P.|title=The Early Development of Radio in Canada, 1901-1930: An Illustrated History|year=2005|publisher=Sonoran |isbn=978-1886606203}}</ref> In Toronto, the first radio station was operated by the ''Toronto Star'' newspaper. Station CKCE began in April 1922 and was so well received that the Star pushed forward with its own studios and transmitting facilities, returning to the air as CFCA in late June 1922. In Montreal, another newspaper, ''La Presse'', put its own station, CKAC on the air in late September 1922. Because there were governmental limitations on radio frequencies back then, CKAC and CFCF alternated—one would broadcast one night, and the other would broadcast the night after that.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/index2.php?url=/listings_and_histories/radio/histories.php?id=495&historyID=246|title=Canadian Communications Foundation History of CKAC Radio|website=broadcasting-history.ca|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422211234/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/index2.php?url=%2Flistings_and_histories%2Fradio%2Fhistories.php%3Fid%3D495&historyID=246|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> As radio grew in popularity during the mid-1920s, a problem arose: the U.S. stations dominated the airwaves and with a limited number of frequencies available for broadcasters to use, it was the American stations that seemed to get most of them. This was despite an agreement with the US Department of Commerce (which supervised broadcasting in the years prior to the Federal Radio Commission) that a certain number of frequencies were reserved exclusively for Canadian signals. But if a US station wanted one of those frequencies, the Department of Commerce seemed unwilling to stop it, much to the frustration of Canadian owners who wanted to put stations on the air. The Canadian government and the US government began negotiations in late 1926, in hopes of finding a satisfactory solution.<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada Radio Fans Fight Interference|newspaper=Tampa (FL) Tribune|date=January 16, 1927|page=12D}}</ref> Meanwhile, in 1928, Canada got its first network, operated by the Canadian National Railways. CNR had already made itself known in radio since 1923, thanks in large part to the leadership of CNR's president, Sir Henry Thornton. The company began equipping its trains with radio receivers, and allowed passengers to hear radio stations from Canada and the US. In 1924, CN began building its own stations, and by 1928, it was able to create a network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/index2.php?url=http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/networks/networks_CNR.html|title=Canada's First Network.|website=broadcasting-history.ca|access-date=26 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030330/http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/timeline/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Fnetworks%2Fnetworks_CNR.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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