Editing Inconel (section)

===Aerospace===
* The [[Space Shuttle]] used four Inconel studs to secure the solid rocket boosters to the launch platform, eight total studs supported the entire weight of the ready to fly Shuttle system. Eight [[frangible nut]]s are encased on the outside of the solid rocket boosters, at launch explosives separated the nuts releasing the Shuttle from its launch platform.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
* [[North American Aviation]] constructed the skin of the [[North American X-15]] [[rocket-powered aircraft]] out of Inconel X/750 alloy.<ref>Robert S. Houston, Richard P. Hallion, and Ronald G. Boston, [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/hyperrev-x15/ch-0.html Editor's introduction, "Transiting from Air to Space: The North American X-15"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810061825/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/hyperrev-x15/ch-0.html |date=2007-08-10 }}, ''The Hypersonic Revolution: Case Studies in the History of Hypersonic Technology'', Air Force History and Museums Program, 1998. NASA.gov.</ref>
* [[Rocketdyne]] used Inconel X-750 for the thrust chamber of the [[F-1 (rocket engine)|F-1 rocket engine]] used in the first stage of the [[Saturn V]] booster.<ref>Anthony Young, "The Saturn V Booster: Powering Apollo into History", Springer-Verlag, 2009.</ref>
* [[SpaceX]] uses Inconel (Inconel 718<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://metalpress.onlinemetals.com/inconel-uses/ |title=''History of inconel and superalloys'' |access-date=2020-10-24 |archive-date=2020-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809090854/https://metalpress.onlinemetals.com/inconel-uses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>) in the engine manifold of their [[SpaceX Merlin|Merlin]] engine which powers the [[Falcon 9]] [[launch vehicle]].<ref name=slr20130813>{{cite web |title=Space Launch Report: SpaceX Falcon 9 Data Sheet |url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/falcon9.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406013726/http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/falcon9.html |archive-date=6 Apr 2022 |date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In a first for [[3D-printer|3D printing]], the SpaceX [[SuperDraco]] [[rocket engine]] that provides [[launch escape system]] for the [[Dragon V2]] crew-carrying [[space capsule]] is fully printed. In particular, the engine combustion chamber is printed of Inconel using a process of [[direct metal laser sintering]], and operates at very high temperature and a [[chamber pressure]] of {{convert|1000|psi|MPa|disp=flip}}.<ref name=ludiInco/><ref name=aw20140530>{{cite news |last=Norris |first=Guy |title=SpaceX Unveils 'Step Change' Dragon 'V2' |url=http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2 |access-date=2014-05-30 |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2014-05-30 |archive-date=2014-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531110355/http://aviationweek.com/space/spacex-unveils-step-change-dragon-v2 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=sdc20140529>{{cite news |last=Kramer|first=Miriam |title=SpaceX Unveils Dragon V2 Spaceship, a Manned Space Taxi for Astronauts — Meet Dragon V2: SpaceX's Manned Space Taxi for Astronaut Trips |url=http://www.space.com/26063-spacex-unveils-dragon-v2-manned-spaceship.html |access-date=2014-05-30 |newspaper=space.com |date=2014-05-30 }}</ref><ref name=nsf20140530>
{{cite news |last=Bergin|first=Chris |title=SpaceX lifts the lid on the Dragon V2 crew spacecraft |url=http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2014/05/spacex-lifts-the-lid-dragon-v2-crew-spacecraft/ |access-date=2015-03-06 |newspaper=NASAspaceflight.com |date=2014-05-30 }}</ref><ref name=nsj20140530>{{cite news |last=Foust|first=Jeff |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2014/05/30/spacex-unveils-its-21st-century-spaceship/|title=SpaceX unveils its "21st century spaceship" |access-date=2015-03-06 |newspaper=NewSpace Journal |date=2014-05-30}}</ref><ref name=sx20140801>{{cite web |title=SpaceX Launches 3D-Printed Part to Space, Creates Printed Engine Chamber for Crewed Spaceflight |url=http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/07/31/spacex-launches-3d-printed-part-space-creates-printed-engine-chamber-crewed |publisher=SpaceX |access-date=2015-03-06 |quote=''Compared with a traditionally cast part, a printed [part] has superior strength, ductility, and fracture resistance, with a lower variability in materials properties. ... The chamber is regeneratively cooled and printed in Inconel, a high performance superalloy. Printing the chamber resulted in an order of magnitude reduction in lead-time compared with traditional machining – the path from the initial concept to the first hotfire was just over three months. During the hotfire test, ... the SuperDraco engine was fired in both a launch escape profile and a landing burn profile, successfully throttling between 20% and 100% thrust levels. To date the chamber has been fired more than 80 times, with more than 300 seconds of hot fire.'' |archive-date=2017-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825191053/http://www.spacex.com/news/2014/07/31/spacex-launches-3d-printed-part-space-creates-printed-engine-chamber-crewed |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- this source also has an excellent-quality photo of the printed SuperDraco rocket engine combustion chamber, but I am unsure how Fair Use works and whether it might be possible to use the image on Wikipedia. -->
* SpaceX cast the [[Raptor (SpaceX)|Raptor]] rocket engine manifolds from SX300, later SX500, which are nickel superalloys (improvement over older Inconel alloys).<ref name=NBF-Raptor>[https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2019/02/spacex-casting-raptor-engine-parts-from-supersteel-alloys.html ''SpaceX Casting Raptor Engine Parts from Supersteel Alloys'' Feb 2019]</ref>