Editing Independent Subway System (section)

==Post-unification==
The [[New York Transit Museum|Court Street]] station on the IND Fulton Street Line was closed on June 1, 1946 due to low ridership.<ref name="BklynEagle-INDFultonCulver-ShortageSnarl-1946">{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/57726129/?terms=euclid%2Bpitkin%2Bsubway|title=Shortages Snarl $50,000,000 Tube Links|date=June 9, 1946|page=21|last1=Blauvelt|first1=Paul|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|newspaper=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYCSubway-INDFulton">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/IND_Fulton_Street_Line#Court_Street|title=IND Fulton Street Line|website=www.nycsubway.org|access-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nytm.pastperfectonline.com/photo/FEEA4845-FA89-4ECE-8687-291879981450|title=Sign for the Closing of the Court Street Station, 1946; IND Crosstown Line|date=1946|publisher=New York Transit Museum|last1=Foley|first1=A.J.|access-date=August 28, 2016}}</ref> After World War II ended, workers and materials became available for public use again. The badly needed extension to the more efficient terminal at Broadway − [[East New York]] (the current [[Broadway Junction (New York City Subway)|Broadway Junction]] station) opened on December 30, 1946.<ref name="Raskin-RoutesNotTaken-20135"/><ref name="BOT-19492">{{Cite book|title=Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949.|date=1949|publisher=New York City Board of Transportation|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015023094926}}</ref> The extension of the Fulton Street Line, the completion of which had been delayed due to war priorities, was finished by funds obtained by Mayor [[William O'Dwyer]] and was placed in operation on November 28, 1948, running along Pennsylvania Avenue and Pitkin Avenue to [[Euclid Avenue (IND Fulton Street Line)|Euclid Avenue]] near the Queens border. Forty additional [[R10 (New York City Subway car)|R10]] cars were placed into service for the extension. The cost of the extension was about $46,500,000. It included the construction of the new [[Pitkin Yard|Pitkin Avenue Storage Yard]], which could accommodate 585 subway cars on 40 storage tracks.<ref name="Raskin-RoutesNotTaken-20135"/><ref name="Sparberg20142"/><ref name="BklynEagle-INDEuclidOpen-1948">{{cite web|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/52882609/?terms=euclid%2Bpitkin%2Bsubway|title=Trains Roll on $47,000,000 Fulton St. Subway Extension|date=November 29, 1948|page=2|via=[[Newspapers.com]]|newspaper=[[Brooklyn Daily Eagle]]|access-date=October 9, 2015}}</ref><ref name="BOT-19493">{{Cite book|title=Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949.|date=1949|publisher=New York City Board of Transportation|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015023094926}}</ref><ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2707407/the_brooklyn_daily_eagle/ Fulton Subway Stations Open After All-Night 'Dry Runs']</ref>

The existing [[169th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)|169th Street]] station provided an unsatisfactory terminal setup for a four track line, and this required the turning of '''F''' trains at Parsons Boulevard, and no storage facilities were provided at the station. Therefore, the line was going to be extended to 184th Place with a station at [[Jamaica–179th Street (IND Queens Boulevard Line)|179th Street]] with two island platforms, sufficient entrances and exits, and storage for four ten-car trains. The facilities would allow for the operation of express and local service to the station.<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|title=Report including analysis of operations of the New York City transit system for five years, ended June 30, 1945|publisher=Board of Transportation of the City of New York|year=1945|location=New York City|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015020928621}}</ref><ref name="BOT-1949">{{Cite book|title=Report for the three and one-half years ending June 30, 1949|date=1949|publisher=New York City Board of Transportation|hdl = 2027/mdp.39015023094926}}</ref> Construction on the extension started in 1946, and was projected to be completed in 1949.<ref name="BOT-1949" /> The extension was completed later than expected and opened on December 11, 1950.<ref name="NYTImes-179open-1950">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/12/12/313752702.pdf|title=New Subway Link Opening in Queens|date=December 12, 1950|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> This extension was delayed due to the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] and [[World War II]]. Both '''E''' and '''F''' trains were extended to the new station.<ref name="NYTImes-179open-1950" /><ref name="NYTImes-179StRoute-1946">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1946/08/02/93139678.pdf|title=Subway Extension In Queens Is Voted|date=August 2, 1946|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 30, 2015}}</ref>

During the 1950s, the IND was extended over two pieces of elevated line that were disconnected from the original BMT system: the [[IND Culver Line|BMT Culver Line]] in 1954, and the [[Liberty Avenue (New York City)|Liberty Avenue]] extension of the [[BMT Fulton Street Line]] in 1956.<ref name="nycsubway.org" /> On October 30, 1954 the [[Culver Ramp]] opened, connecting the IND Culver Line to the BMT Culver Line at [[Ditmas Avenue (IND Culver Line)|Ditmas Avenue]]. IND trains begin operating over the BMT Culver Line to [[Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue (New York City Subway)|Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue]].<ref name="nycsubway.org" /> On April 29, 1956, the Liberty Avenue Elevated, the easternmost section of the former [[BMT Fulton Street Line]], was connected to the IND Fulton Street Line. IND service was extended from [[Euclid Avenue (IND Fulton Street Line)|Euclid Avenue]] out to [[Ozone Park–Lefferts Boulevard (IND Fulton Street Line)|Lefferts Boulevard]] via a new station at [[Grant Avenue (IND Fulton Street Line)|Grant Avenue]].<ref name="nycsubway.org" />

On June 28, 1956, service on the [[IND Rockaway Line]] began between [[Euclid Avenue (IND Fulton Street Line)|Euclid Avenue]] and [[Rockaway Park–Beach 116th Street (IND Rockaway Line)|Rockaway Park]] at 6:38 PM and between Euclid Avenue and [[Beach 25th Street (IND Rockaway Line)|Wavecrest]] at 6:48 PM.<ref name=":05">{{Cite journal|date=June 2006|title=Fifty Years of Subway Service to the Rockaways|url=https://issuu.com/erausa/docs/2006-06-bulletin|journal=New York Division Bulletin|publisher=New York Division, Electric Railroaders' Association|volume=49|issue=6|access-date=August 31, 2016|via=Issu}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-INDRkwyOpen-1956">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1956/06/28/84703811.pdf|title=Rockaway Trains to Operate Today|date=June 28, 1956|website=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Freeman|first1=Ira Henry|access-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Rockawave-INDRkwyOpen-June281956-pg1">{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FRockaway%2520Beach%2520NY%2520%2520Wave%2520Of%2520Long%2520Island%2FRockaway%2520Beach%2520NY%2520%2520Wave%2520Of%2520Long%2520Island%2520%25201956%2FRockaway%2520Beach%2520NY%2520%2520Wave%2520Of%2520Long%2520Island%2520%25201956%2520-%25200350.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F43c772ea5053ba7a2fe1850240ed52cd#page=1|title=First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon|date=June 28, 1956|work=[[Wave of Long Island]]|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|page=1|access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Rockawave-INDRkwyOpen-June281956-pg6">{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FRockaway%2520Beach%2520NY%2520%2520Wave%2520Of%2520Long%2520Island%2FRockaway%2520Beach%2520NY%2520%2520Wave%2520Of%2520Long%2520Island%2520%25201956%2FRockaway%2520Beach%2520NY%2520%2520Wave%2520Of%2520Long%2520Island%2520%25201956%2520-%25200355.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F6b6ee609a1895c1f89ff0c622e5b3813#page=1|title=First Train On Rockaway Line Runs This Afternoon|date=June 28, 1956|work=[[Wave of Long Island]]|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|page=6|access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201955-1957%2FForest%2520Parkway%2520NY%2520Leader%2520Observer%25201955-1957%2520-%25200650.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F8150b004ade0565d32aa4d88b21d2892#page=1|title=TA's New Line To Rockaways Begins Today: Fifty Piece Band To Play as Special Train Makes First Run|date=June 28, 1956|work=The Leader-Observer|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|page=1|access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/viewer/?file=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252023%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Greenpoint%2520Daily%2520Star%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Greenpoint%2520Daily%2520Star%25201956-1957%2FBrooklyn%2520NY%2520Greenpoint%2520Daily%2520Star%25201956-1957%2520-%25200241.pdf&highlightsFile=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2Fhighlighter%2Fhits%2F147cd4c4e78bb11637387bbb8e8e3a06#page=1|title=To Rockaways: Beach Trains In Operation|date=June 29, 1956|work=Greenpoint Weekly Star|agency=[[Fultonhistory.com]]|page=2|access-date=August 16, 2016}}</ref> A new station at [[Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue (IND Rockaway Line)|Far Rockaway–Mott Avenue]] opened on January 16, 1958, completing the Rockaway Line.<ref name="NYTImes-FarRkwyIND-Open-1958">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/01/16/83388071.pdf|title=New Subway Unit Ready: Far Rockaway IND Terminal Will Be Opened Today|date=January 16, 1958|website=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=June 29, 2015}}</ref>

In November 1967, the first part of the Chrystie Street Connection opened and Sixth Avenue Line express tracks opened from [[34th Street–Herald Square (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|34th Street–Herald Square]] to [[West Fourth Street–Washington Square (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|West Fourth Street–Washington Square]]. With the opening of the connection to the Manhattan Bridge, '''BB''' service was renamed '''B''' and was extended via the new express tracks and the connection to the West End Line in Brooklyn. In non-rush hours, '''B''' service terminated northbound at either West 4th Street (middays and Saturdays) or as the '''TT''' shuttle at 36th Street in Brooklyn (nights and Sundays).  '''D''' service was routed via the connection and onto the Brighton Line instead of via the Culver Line. It only ran express during rush hours. '''F''' service was extended from Broadway–Lafayette Street during rush hours, and from 34th Street during other times to Coney Island via the Culver Line.<ref name="Raskin-RoutesNotTaken-20135"/><ref name="NYTimes-ChrystieStChanges-1967">{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/11/16/90418352.pdf|title=SUBWAY CHANGES TO SPEED SERVICE: Major Alterations in Maps, Routes and Signs Will Take Effect Nov. 26|date=November 16, 1967|website=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Perlmutter|first1=Emanuel|access-date=July 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-ChrystieSt-Bewilder-1967">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/11/27/archives/bmtind-changes-bewilder-many-transit-authority-swamped-with-calls.html|title=BMT-IND CHANGES BEWILDER MANY; Transit Authority Swamped With Calls From Riders as New System Starts|date=November 27, 1967|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Perlmutter|first1=Emanuel|access-date=August 23, 2015}}</ref>

In July 1968, the [[57th Street (IND Sixth Avenue Line)|57th Street]] station opened and the portion of the Chrystie Street Connection connecting the line with the Williamsburg Bridge was opened for regular service (although it had been previously used in passenger service for occasional post-Chrystie Street weekend '''D''' maintenance reroutes). Service on the '''KK''' was inaugurated, running from 57th Street to [[168th Street (BMT Jamaica Line)|168th Street]] on the [[BMT Jamaica Line]]. '''B''' service began running during non-rush hours (local on 6th Avenue) to 57th Street. '''D''' trains began running express via the Sixth Avenue Line at all times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1968/07/01/archives/skipstop-subway-begins-run-today-kk-line-links-3-boroughs-other.html|title=SKIP-STOP SUBWAY BEGINS RUN TODAY; KK Line Links 3 Boroughs --Other Routes Changed|last=Hofmann|first=Paul|date=July 1, 1968|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=November 27, 2016}}</ref>

In December 1988 the [[Archer Avenue Line|IND Archer Avenue Line]] opened from [[Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer (Archer Avenue Line)|Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer]] to [[Jamaica–Van Wyck (IND Archer Avenue Line)|Jamaica–Van Wyck]].<ref name=":06">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/09/nyregion/big-changes-for-subways-are-to-begin.html|title=Big Changes For Subways Are to Begin|last=Johnson|first=Kirk|date=December 9, 1988|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=June 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>"New Subway Line Finally Rolling Through Queens," Newsday, December 11, 1988, page 7.</ref>

A month shy of twenty years after construction began, the [[63rd Street Lines|IND 63rd Street Line]] went into service on October 29, 1989, after an expenditure of $898 million,<ref name="nycsubway.org3">{{cite web|url=http://nycsubway.org/lines/6thave.html|title=IND 6th Ave./63rd St. Line|last=Darlington|first=Peggy|work=www.nycsubway.org|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> extending service from 57th Street with new stations at Lexington Avenue, Roosevelt Island, and 21st Street at 41st Avenue in Queens. The IND line was served by {{NYCS service|Q}} trains on weekdays, {{NYCS service|B}} trains on weekends and {{NYCS service|F}} trains at night (signed Q northbound from 2nd Avenue and southbound as far as 57th Street), as well as the extended JFK Express. The 1,500-foot connector to the Queens Boulevard Line had not yet started construction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/29/nyregion/the-subway-to-nowhere-now-goes-somewhere.html|title=The 'Subway to Nowhere' Now Goes Somewhere|last=Lorch|first=Donatella|date=October 29, 1989|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref> The BMT connection between the new Lexington Avenue station and 57th Street-7th Avenue was not in use at that time; it was built for the future connection to the Second Avenue Subway for BMT Broadway service from the [[Upper East Side]] to [[Lower Manhattan]].

Planning for the connection to the [[IND Queens Boulevard Line]] began in December 1990, with the final design contract awarded in December 1992. Construction began on September 22, 1994.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/Environment/air_quality/cmaq/research/advancing_mobility/03cmaq08.cfm|title=New York City Transit 63rd Street-Queens Boulevard Connection-New York City – Advancing Mobility – Research – CMAQ – Air Quality – Environment – FHWA|website=[[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]]|access-date=July 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm|title=About NYC Transit – History|date=October 19, 2002|access-date=September 18, 2016|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019203759/http://www.mta.info/nyct/facts/ffhist.htm|archive-date=October 19, 2002}}</ref><ref name="CivilEng-FinalConnection-Jul2000">{{cite journal|last2=Shanbhag|first2=Radmas|date=July 2000|title=The Final Connection|journal=[[American Society of Civil Engineers|Civil Engineering]]|volume=86|issue=7|pages=56–61|last1=Silano|first1=Louis G.}}</ref><ref name="QBL63rdLineConnector-1992">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n943AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA3-PT95|title=Final Environmental Impact Statement for the 63rd Street Line Connection to the Queens Boulevard Line|publisher=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]], [[United States Department of Transportation]], [[Federal Transit Administration]]|date=June 1992|location=[[Queens]], New York City|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref><ref name="PANYNJ-AirportAccessDEIS-1994">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh83AQAAMAAJ&pg=SA3-PA25|title=La Guardia International Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport, Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Airport Access Program, Automated Guideway Transit System (NY, New Jersey): Environmental Impact Statement|date=June 1994|publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]], [[United States Department of Transportation]], [[Federal Aviation Administration]], [[New York State Department of Transportation]]|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> The remaining section from 21st Street to the Queens Boulevard Line cost $645 million. In December 2000, the 63rd Street Connector was opened for construction reroutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.subwaynut.com/brochures/63detour.htm|title=E, F Detour in 2001, F trains via 63 St, E no trains running, take R instead|work=The Subway Nut|access-date=October 20, 2011|archive-date=March 2, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302103832/http://www.subwaynut.com/brochures/63detour.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Connector came into regular use in December 2001 with the rerouting of '''F''' service at all times to 63rd Street. The construction project extended the lower level LIRR tunnel and involved a number of other elements, including the integration of ventilation plants, lowering a sewer siphon 50 feet, rehabilitation of elements of the existing line, mitigating ground water, diverting trains which continued to run through the project area and widening of the entry point to the Queens Boulevard Line to six tracks. This new tunnel connection allowed rerouting the Queens Boulevard Line '''{{NYCS service|F}}''' trains via the 63rd Street Tunnel, which opened up capacity through the 53rd Street tunnel to Manhattan which allowed a new local service, the [[V (New York City Subway service)|V train]], to provide additional Queens Boulevard service to Manhattan, along Sixth Avenue. This service was discontinued in 2010 and replaced with an extension of the [[M (New York City Subway service)|M train]].<ref name="nycsubway.org3"/>