Editing Information system (section)

==Research==
Information systems research is generally [[interdisciplinary]] concerned with the study of the effects of information systems on the behaviour of individuals, groups, and organizations.<ref>Galliers, R.D., [[M. Lynne Markus|Markus, M.L.]], & Newell, S. (Eds) (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=brOkAAAACAAJ ''Exploring Information Systems Research Approaches.''] New York, NY: Routledge.</ref><ref>[[Claudio Ciborra|Ciborra, C.]] (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jb-vrAHmG0wC ''The Labyrinths of Information: Challenging the Wisdom of Systems.''] Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press</ref> Hevner et al. (2004)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hevner | last2 = March | last3 = Park | last4 = Ram | year = 2004 | title = Design Science in Information Systems Research | journal = MIS Quarterly | volume = 28 | issue = 1| pages = 75–105 | doi = 10.2307/25148625| jstor = 25148625| s2cid = 13553735 }}</ref> categorized research in IS into two scientific paradigms including ''behavioural science'' which is to develop and verify theories that explain or predict human or organizational behavior and'' design science'' which extends the boundaries of human and organizational capabilities by creating new and innovative artifacts.

Salvatore March and Gerald Smith<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = March | first1 = S. | last2 = Smith | first2 = G. | year = 1995 | title = Design and natural science in Information Technology (IT) | journal = Decision Support Systems | volume = 15 | issue = 4| pages = 251–266 | doi=10.1016/0167-9236(94)00041-2| title-link = Information Technology | s2cid = 2625498 }}</ref> proposed a framework for researching different aspects of information technology including outputs of the research (research outputs) and activities to carry out this research (research activities). They identified research outputs as follows:

# ''Constructs'' which are concepts that form the [[domain knowledge|vocabulary of a domain]]. They constitute a [[conceptualization]] used to describe problems within the domain and to specify their solutions.
# A ''model'' which is a set of propositions or statements expressing relationships among constructs.
# A ''method'' which is a set of steps (an [[algorithm]] or guideline) used to perform a task. Methods are based on a set of underlying constructs and a [[knowledge representation|representation]] (model) of the solution space.
# An ''instantiation'' is the realization of an artefact in its environment.

Also research activities including:
# ''Build'' an artefact to perform a specific task.
# ''Evaluate'' the artefact to determine if any progress has been achieved.
# Given an artefact whose performance has been evaluated, it is important to determine why and how the artefact worked or did not work within its environment. Therefore, ''theorize'' and ''justify'' theories about IT artefacts.

Although Information Systems as a discipline has been evolving for over 30 years now,<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Avgerou | first1 = C | year = 2000 | title = Information systems: what sort of science is it? | journal = Omega | volume = 28 | issue = 5| pages = 567–579 | doi=10.1016/s0305-0483(99)00072-9| citeseerx = 10.1.1.203.4718 }}</ref> the core focus or identity of IS research is still subject to debate among scholars.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Benbasat | first1 = I. | last2 = Zmud | first2 = R. | year = 2003 | title = The identity crisis within the IS discipline: defining and communicating the discipline's core properties | journal = MIS Quarterly | volume = 27 | issue = 2| pages = 183–194 | doi = 10.2307/30036527 | jstor = 30036527 | s2cid = 6017797 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Agarwal | first1 = R. | last2 = Lucas | first2 = H. | year = 2005 | title = The information systems identity crisis: focusing on high- visibility and high-impact research | journal = MIS Quarterly | volume = 29 | issue = 3| pages = 381–398 | doi = 10.2307/25148689 | jstor = 25148689 | s2cid = 15537428 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = El Sawy | first1 = O | year = 2003 | title = The IS core –IX: The 3 faces of IS identity: connection, immersion, and fusion | journal = Communications of the Association for Information Systems| volume = 12 | pages = 588–598 | doi = 10.17705/1cais.01239 | doi-access = free }}</ref> There are two main views around this debate: a narrow view focusing on the IT artifact as the core subject matter of IS research, and a broad view that focuses on the interplay between social and technical aspects of IT that is embedded into a dynamic evolving context.<ref>Mansour, O., Ghazawneh, A. (2009) Research in Information Systems: Implications of the constant changing nature of IT capabilities in the social computing era, in Molka-Danielsen, J. (Ed.):'' Proceedings of the 32nd Information Systems Research Seminar in Scandinavia'', IRIS 32, Inclusive Design, Molde University College, Molde, Norway, August 9–12, 2009. {{ISBN|978-82-7962-120-1}}.</ref> A third view<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Orlikowski | first1 = W. | last2 = Iacono | first2 = C. | year = 2001 | title = Research commentary: desperately seeking the "IT" in IT research—a call to theorizing about the IT artifact | journal = Information Systems Research | volume = 12 | issue = 2| pages = 121–134 | doi=10.1287/isre.12.2.121.9700| s2cid = 10833059 }}</ref> calls on IS scholars to pay balanced attention to both the IT artifact and its context.

Since the study of information systems is an applied field, industry practitioners expect information systems research to generate findings that are immediately applicable in practice. This is not always the case however, as information systems researchers often explore behavioral issues in much more depth than practitioners would expect them to do. This may render information systems research results difficult to understand, and has led to criticism.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Kock | first1 = N. | author-link = Ned Kock | author-link4 = Heinz Klein | last2 = Gray | first2 = P. | last3 = Hoving | first3 = R. | last4 = Klein | first4 = H. | last5 = Myers | first5 = M. | last6 = Rockart | first6 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Information Systems Research Relevance Revisited: Subtle Accomplishment, Unfulfilled Promise, or Serial Hypocrisy? | journal = Communications of the Association for Information Systems | volume = 8 | issue = 23| pages = 330–346 | doi = 10.17705/1CAIS.00823 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

In the last ten years, the business trend is represented by the considerable increase of Information Systems Function (ISF) role, especially with regard to the enterprise strategies and operations supporting. It became a key factor to increase [[productivity]] and to support [[value creation]].<ref>Casalino, N., Mazzone, G. (2008): Externalization of a banking information systems function. Features, regulatory and critical aspects, ''in Interdisciplinary Aspects of Information Systems Studies'', D'Atri A., De Marco M., Casalino N. (Eds.), Physica-Verlag, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 89–96, {{ISBN|978-3-7908-2009-6}}, {{doi|10.1007/978-3-7908-2010-2_12}}</ref> To study an information system itself, rather than its effects, information systems models are used, such as [[EATPUT]].

The international body of Information Systems researchers, the [[Association for Information Systems]] (AIS), and its Senior Scholars Forum Subcommittee on Journals (202), proposed a list of 11 journals that the AIS deems as 'excellent'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research - Association for Information Systems (AIS) |url=https://aisnet.org/page/SeniorScholarListofPremierJournals |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=aisnet.org}}</ref> According to the AIS, this list of journals recognizes topical, methodological, and geographical diversity. The review processes are stringent, editorial board members are widely-respected and recognized, and there is international readership and contribution. The list is (or should be) used, along with others, as a point of reference for promotion and tenure and, more generally, to evaluate scholarly excellence.

A number of annual [[:Category:Information systems conferences|information systems conferences]] are run in various parts of the world, the majority of which are peer reviewed. The AIS directly runs the [[International Conference on Information Systems]] (ICIS) and the [[Americas Conference on Information Systems]] (AMCIS), while AIS affiliated conferences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.aisnet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=34|title=AIS affiliated conferences|access-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215044835/http://home.aisnet.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=34|archive-date=2012-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> include the [[Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems]] (PACIS), [[European Conference on Information Systems]] (ECIS), the Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems (MCIS), the International Conference on Information Resources Management (Conf-IRM) and the Wuhan International Conference on E-Business (WHICEB). AIS chapter conferences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ais.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=478|title=AIS chapter conferences|website=affiniscape.com|access-date=2012-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227105218/http://ais.affiniscape.com/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=478|archive-date=2012-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> include [[Australasian Conference on Information Systems]] (ACIS), [[Information Systems Research in Scandinavia|Scandinavian Conference on Information Systems]] (SCIS), [[Information Systems International Conference]] (ISICO), Conference of the Italian Chapter of AIS (itAIS), Annual Mid-Western AIS Conference (MWAIS) and Annual Conference of the Southern AIS (SAIS). EDSIG,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edsig.org|title=EDSIG Information Systems Educators}}</ref> which is the special interest group on education of the AITP,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aitp.org|title=Association of Information Technology Professionals}}</ref> organizes the Conference on Information Systems and Computing Education<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edsigcon.org|title=ISCAP Conferences – EDSIGCON & CONISAR|first=ISCAP and|last=EDSIG}}</ref> and the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.conisar.org|title=ISCAP Conferences – EDSIGCON & CONISAR|first=ISCAP and|last=EDSIG}}</ref> which are both held annually in November.