Editing Interfaith marriage (section)

=== Abrahamic religions ===
==== Baháʼí Faith ====
{{Main|Baháʼí marriage}}
{{Further|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity|Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion}}

According to the [[Baháʼí Faith]], all religions are inspired by God and interfaith marriage is permitted. A [[Baháʼí marriage|Baháʼí ceremony]] should be performed with the non-Baháʼí rite (or ceremony). If both ceremonies are performed, the non-Baháʼí ceremony should not invalidate the Baháʼí ceremony; the Baháʼí partner remains a Baháʼí, and is not adopting the religion of the other partner in the ceremony. The Baháʼí partner should also abstain from vows (or statements) committing them to a declaration of faith in another religion or that are contrary to the principles of the Baháʼí Faith. The two ceremonies should be performed on the same day; their order is not important. The Baháʼí ceremony may be performed in the place of worship of the other religion if it is afforded respect equal to the non-Baháʼí ceremony and is clearly distinct from the non-Baháʼí ceremony.

==== Christianity ====
{{Main|Interfaith marriage in Christianity}}
{{Further|Conversion to Christianity|Christianity and other religions}}
[[File:Ev Stadtkirche Ravensburg innen.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[pastor]] in Germany marries a young couple in a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] [[Church (building)|church]].]]

In [[Christianity]], an interfaith marriage is a marriage between a [[Christian]] and a non-Christian (e.g. a wedding between a Christian man and a Jewish woman, or between a Christian woman and a Muslim man); it is to be distinguished between an [[interdenominational marriage]] in which two baptized Christians belonging to two different [[Christian denominations]] marry (e.g. a wedding between a Lutheran Christian and a Catholic Christian). Almost all Christian denominations permit interdenominational marriages, though with respect to interfaith marriage, many Christian denominations caution against it, citing verses of the [[Christian Bible]] such as {{Bibleverse|2 Corinthians|6:14-15|KJV}}, while certain Christian denominations have made allowances for interfaith marriage, which is referenced in {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:14-15|KJV}}, verses where [[Saint Paul]] addresses originally non-Christian couples in which one of the spouses became a Christian after the marriage had taken place.<ref name="Soards1999">{{cite book |last1=Soards |first1=Marion L. |title=New International Biblical Commentary: 1 Corinthians |date=1999 |publisher=Hendrickson |isbn=978-0-943575-97-1 |page=150 |language=English |quote=Although the church has attempted to work from these lines in formulating policies about so-called mixed marriages, the present verses do not deal with the majority of interfaith marriages as we know them in the late twentieth century. Paul is writing to first-century, first-generation converts, many of whom had religious backgrounds in paganism and many of whom might have spouses who were not believers.}}</ref><ref name="Lukito2012">{{cite book |last1=Lukito |first1=Ratno |title=Legal Pluralism in Indonesia: Bridging the Unbridgeable |date=6 August 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-136-28557-8 |page=163 |language=English |quote=Furthermore, from the judges' understanding of Christian teaching, interfaith marriage is similarly disallowed in the New Testament (2 Corinthians 6:14).}}</ref><ref name="JuergensmeyerRoof2012">{{cite book|last1=Juergensmeyer|first1=Mark|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion|last2=Roof|first2=Wade Clark|date=2012|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-2729-7|page=563|language=en|quote=... most Christian churches support members who take part in intermarriage, citing 1 Corinthians 7:12-14.}}</ref><ref name="Hurtado2005">{{cite book |last=Hurtado |first=Larry W. |author-link=Larry Hurtado |chapter=To Live and Die for Jesus: Social and Political Consequences of Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi5xIxgnNgcC&pg=PA63 |title=How on Earth Did Jesus Become a God? Historical Questions about Earliest Devotion to Jesus |date=2 November 2005 |location=[[Grand Rapids, Michigan]] and [[Cambridge|Cambridge, UK]] |publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans]] |isbn=978-0-8028-2861-3 |pages=63–64}}</ref> The consensus of the [[early Church Fathers]] was that "interreligious marriage undermined the ecclesiological integrity of the Christian community" though as [[Spread of Christianity|Christianity rapidly spread]] [[Christianity in the Roman Empire|in the Roman Empire]], cases would arise among non-Christian couples in which one person [[conversion to Christianity|converted to Christianity]]; ''[[Apostolic Tradition]]'', an early Christian Church Order, references such an interfaith couple in its instructions on [[Christian prayer]] at the [[fixed prayer times|seven fixed prayer times]] and the [[ablution in Christianity|ablutions]] preceding them, stating:<ref name="Weitz2018">{{cite book |last1=Weitz |first1=Lev E. |title=Between Christ and Caliph: Law, Marriage, and Christian Community in Early Islam |date=24 May 2018 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5027-5 |page=204 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Hippolytus" />
{{Quote|Around midnight rise and wash your hands with water and pray. If you are married, pray together. But if your spouse is not yet baptized, go into another room to pray, and then return to bed. Do not hesitate to pray, for one who has been joined in marital relations is not impure.<ref name="Hippolytus">{{cite web |author1=Hippolytus |author-link=Hippolytus of Rome |title=Apostolic Tradition |url=http://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf |publisher=St. John's Episcopal Church |access-date=5 September 2020 |page=16 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The early Christian [[Synod of Elvira|Council of Elvira]] prohibited interreligious marriage "no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul."<ref name="Witte2012">{{cite book |last1=Witte |first1=John |title=From Sacrament to Contract, Second Edition: Marriage, Religion, and Law in the Western Tradition |date=31 January 2012 |publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corp |isbn=978-1-61164-192-9 |page=62 |language=en |quote=The Council of Elvira also prohibited interreligious marriage: 15. Christian girls are not to marry pagans, no matter how few eligible men there are, for such marriages lead to the adultery of the soul. 17. If parents allow their daughter to marry a pagan priest, they shall not receive communion even at the time of death.}}</ref> The [[Church of the East]], in the [[Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon]] in AD 410, ruled that "Christian women should not marry across religious boundaries" though it allowed for Christian men to marry "women of all nations" (''neshē men kul 'ammin'') in order that Christian men would "instruct them in the ways of Christianity."<ref name="Weitz2018"/> The cultural context at the time was that a couple's children would follow the religion of the father.<ref name="Sahanam2009">{{cite book |last1=Sahanam |first1=L. E. |title=Belonging But Not Believing: Interfaith Marriage |date=2009 |publisher=[[ISPCK]] |isbn=978-81-8458-088-4 |page=25 |language=English}}</ref> The Synod of Elvira forbade Christian parents who permitted their daughters to marry nonbelievers to receive [[Eucharist|Holy Communion]], "even at the time of death".<ref name="Witte2012"/>

In the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]], the local church congregation is tasked with supporting and including the interfaith couple in the life of the Church, "help[ing] parents make and live by commitments about the spiritual nurture of their children", and being inclusive of the children of the interfaith couple.<ref name="PCUSA2010">{{cite book|title=Interfaith Marriage|date=6 October 2010|publisher=[[Presbyterian Church (USA)]]|page=2}}</ref> The pastor is to be available to help and counsel the interfaith couple in their life journey.<ref name="PCUSA2010" />

The [[Catholic Church]] recognizes as sacramental, (1) the marriages between two baptized Protestants or between two baptized Orthodox Christians, as well as (2) marriages between baptized non-Catholic Christians and Catholic Christians,<ref name="Foster1999">{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Smith|url=https://archive.org/details/annulmentwedding00fost/page/83|title=Annulment|publisher=[[Paulist Press]]|year=1999|isbn=9780809138449|page=[https://archive.org/details/annulmentwedding00fost/page/83 83]|quote=The Catholic Church considers marriages of baptized Protestants to be valid marriages. So if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage.}}</ref> although in the latter case, consent from the diocesan bishop must be obtained, with this termed "permission to enter into a mixed marriage".<ref name="Burke1999">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=John|title=Catholic Marriage|publisher=Paulines Publications Africa|year=1999|isbn=9789966081063|page=98|quote=We might remind ourselves here that a marriage between a Catholic and a baptized person that takes place in the Catholic Church, or in another Church with permission from the diocesan bishop, is a sacramental union. Such a marriage is a life-long union and no power on earth can dissolve it.}}</ref> To illustrate (1), for example, "if two Lutherans marry in the Lutheran Church in the presence of a Lutheran minister, the Catholic Church recognizes this as a valid sacrament of marriage."<ref name="Foster1999" /> On the other hand, although the Catholic Church recognizes marriages between two non-Christians or those between a Catholic Christian and a non-Christian, these are not considered to be sacramental, and in the latter case, the Catholic Christian must seek permission from their bishop for the marriage to occur; this permission is known as "dispensation from [[disparity of cult]]".<ref>{{cite web|year=1996|title=Are non-Catholic marriages valid in the eyes of the Catholic Church? What if a Catholic marries a non-Catholic?|url=http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/are-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221104452/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/are-non-catholic-marriages-valid-in-the-eyes-of-the-catholic-church-what-if-a-catholi|archive-date=21 December 2013|access-date=16 June 2015|publisher=[[Catholic Answers]]|quote=Supernatural marriages exist only between baptized people, so marriages between two Jews or two Muslims are only natural marriages. Assuming no impediments, marriages between Jews or Muslims would be valid natural marriages. Marriages between two Protestants or two Eastern Orthodox also would be valid, presuming no impediments, but these would be supernatural (sacramental) marriages and thus indissoluble.|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In [[Methodism|Methodist Christianity]], the 2014 [[Book of Discipline]] of the [[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]] discourages interfaith marriages, stating "Many Christians have married unconverted persons. This has produced bad effects; they have either been hindered for life, or have turned back to perdition."<ref name="AWMC2014">{{cite book|title=The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference)|publisher=[[Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection]]|year=2014|location=[[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]|pages=33|language=English}}</ref> Though the [[United Methodist Church]] authorizes its clergy to preside at interfaith marriages, it notes that {{Bibleverse|2 Corinthians|6:14|KJV}} has been interpreted "as at least an ideal if not an absolute ban on such [interfaith] marriages as an issue of scriptural faithfulness, if not as an issue of Christian survival."<ref name="BurtonEdwards2010">{{cite web|last1=Burton-Edwards|first1=Taylor|date=2010|title=Interfaith Marriage: Pastoral Discernment and Responsibility|url=https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/blog/interfaith-marriage-pastoral-discernment-and-responsibility|access-date=30 November 2020|publisher=[[The United Methodist Church]]|language=en}}</ref> At the same time, for those already in an interfaith marriage (including cases in which there is a non-Christian couple and one party [[conversion to Christianity|converts to Christianity]] after marriage), the Church notes that [[Saint Paul]] "addresses persons married to unbelievers and encourages them to stay married (see {{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:12-16|KJV}})."<ref name="BurtonEdwards2010" /> The [[Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches]] teaches that "For a Christian to marry an unbeliever is unscriptural. If one does marry an unconverted party and trouble follows, he/she cannot blame God for his/her wrongdoing but must expect to pay the penalty, for the marriage covenant is morally binding so long as both live and, therefore, may not be dissolved at will ({{Bibleverse|1 Corinthians|7:39|KJV}})."<ref>{{cite book |title=Declaration of Principles: Manual of the Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches |date=2017 |publisher=[[Wesleyan Holiness Association of Churches]] |page=22}}</ref>

==== Islam ====
{{Main|Interfaith marriage in Islam}}
{{Further|Conversion to Islam|Islam and other religions}}
[[File:Icon Iakovos Moskos.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Interfaith marriage between [[Christianity and Islam|Muslims and Christians]] is discussed in the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]], a treaty that was recorded between [[Muhammad]] and the abbots of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], which is depicted in this [[icon]].<ref name="Ahmed2013">{{cite book |author-last=Ahmed |author-first=Akbar S. |year=2013 |title=Postmodernism and Islam: Predicament and Promise |location=[[London]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Routledge]] |edition=1st |isbn=978-1-134-92417-2 |page=62 |quote=The [[Quran]] speaks favourably of the [[People of the Book]]. For example, Surah 3, verse 199, carries a universal message of goodwill and hope to all those who believe, the People of the Book irrespective of their religious label—[[Christians|Christian]], [[Jews|Jew]], or [[Muslims|Muslim]]. Muslims can marry with the People of the Book [...].}}</ref>]]

While the legality of interfaith marriage varies in contemporary [[Muslim-majority countries]], in traditional [[Islamic culture]] and traditional Islamic law [[Sex segregation and Islam|Muslim women are forbidden from marrying Non-Muslim men]], whereas Muslim men are permitted to marry Christian or Jewish women.<ref name="Haqqani 2023">{{cite journal |author-last=Haqqani |author-first=Shehnaz |date=May 2023 |title=The Qur’an on Muslim Women’s Marriage to Non-Muslims: Premodern Exegetical Strategies, Contradictions, and Assumptions |journal=[[Journal of Qur'anic Studies]] |location=[[Edinburgh]] |publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]] on behalf of the Centre for Islamic Studies at the [[SOAS University of London|School of Oriental and African Studies]] ([[University of London]]) |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages= |doi=10.3366/jqs.2023.0529 |doi-access=free |issn=1755-1730 |s2cid=258774130}}</ref><ref name="Elmali-Karakaya 2020">{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |date=Spring 2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> It is lawful for Muslim men to marry Jewish or Christian women but not a polytheist woman ([[Quran 5:5]]).<ref name="Haqqani 2023"/><ref name="Cite quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|5|5|t=y|s=ns}}</ref> In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from [[Church service|attending church]] for prayer and worship, according to the [[Ashtiname of Muhammad]], a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between [[Muhammad]] and [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]].<ref name="Ahmed2013"/><ref name="TimaniAshton2019">{{cite book|last1=Timani|first1=Hussam S.|title=Post-Christian Interreligious Liberation Theology|last2=Ashton|first2=Loye Sekihata|date=29 November 2019|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-27308-8|page=196|language=en}}</ref>

On the other hand, according to the traditional understanding of interfaith marriage in Islam, Muslim women are forbidden from intermarrying with Non-Muslim men based on the interpretations of different [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]] regarding the [[Sharia|Islamic law]].<ref name="Haqqani 2023"/><ref>Saeed, Hassan (2004): ''Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam''. Ashgate Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3082-1}}.</ref><ref>Daniels, Timothy P. (2005): ''Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia''. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-94971-8}}.</ref><ref>Altstein,Howard;Simon, Rita James (2003): ''Global perspectives on social issues: marriage and divorce''. Lexington, Mass: LexingtonBooks. {{ISBN|0-7391-0588-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Marriage to Saudis | url=https://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_931.html| publisher = U.S. Department of State | url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614045804/http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/tw/tw_931.html|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> The Quran states:
{{blockquote|Do not marry polytheist woman until she believes; a slave believing woman is better than polytheist women though she allures you; Do not marry (your girls) to polytheist man until he believes: A man slave who believes is better than a polytheist man, even though he allures you. They do (but) beckon you to the Fire. But God beckons by His Grace to the Garden (of bliss) and forgiveness, and makes His Signs clear to mankind: so that they may understand.|[[Quran 2:221]]<ref name="Cite quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|2|221|t=y|s=ns}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|O ye who believe! When there come to you believing women refugees, examine (and test) them: God knows best as to their Faith: if ye ascertain that they are Believers, then send them not back to the Unbelievers. They are not lawful wives for the Unbelievers, nor are the Unbelievers lawful husbands for them.|[[Quran 60:10]]<ref name="Cite quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns">{{Cite quran|60|10|t=y|s=ns}}</ref>}}

In some societies outside the traditional ''[[Divisions of the world in Islam|dar al-islam]]'', interfaith marriages between Muslims and Non-Muslims are not uncommon, including marriages that contradict the historic Sunni understanding of ''[[Ijma|ijmāʿ]]'' (the consensus of ''[[Faqīh|fuqāha]]'') as to the bounds of legitimacy.<ref name="Elmali-Karakaya 2020"/><ref name="Ghouse2017">{{cite web |last1=Ghouse |first1=Mike |title=Can A Muslim Woman Marry A Non-Muslim Man? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-a-muslim-woman-marry-a-non-muslim-man_b_589aae92e4b061551b3e05a8 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=31 October 2020 |language=en |date=8 February 2017}}</ref>{{sfn|Leeman|2009}} The tradition of [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|reformist and progressive Islam]], however, permits marriage between Muslim women and non-Muslim men;{{sfn|Leeman|2009}} Islamic scholars opining this view include [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminist]] Shehnaz Haqqani, [[Khaleel Mohammed]], [[Daayiee Abdullah]], and [[Hassan Al-Turabi]], among others.<ref name="Haqqani 2023"/><ref name="Jahangir2017">{{cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=21 March 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]] (634–644) denied interfaith marriage to Muslim men during his command of the ''[[Ummah]]''.<ref name="onislam.net">{{cite web|title=Marriage to a Christian Woman: Unrestrictedly Permitted?|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/marriage/174258-marriage-to-a-christian-woman-unrestrictedly-permitted.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901212226/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/family/marriage/174258-marriage-to-a-christian-woman-unrestrictedly-permitted.html|archive-date=1 September 2012|access-date=17 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Many [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority countries]] allow interfaith marriages to Christian or Jewish women but not to Christian or Jewish men.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier22/D22-13-psl.rtf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429175400/http://www.wluml.org/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier22/D22-13-psl.rtf|url-status=dead|title=The Need to Unify Personal Status Laws in Arab Countries|archivedate=April 29, 2009}}</ref> In [[Lebanon]] for example, there is no civil personal status law. Conventionally, marriages are performed according to the sect the spouses belong to. [[Turkey]] allows marriages between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men through secular laws.<ref name=fordham>[http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub13019.pdf TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY LOVING: NATIONALITY, GENDER, AND RELIGION IN THE MUSLIM WORLD] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719194930/http://law2.fordham.edu/publications/articles/500flspub13019.pdf |date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> In [[Tunisia]] since 16 September 2017, Muslim women can lawfully marry any man of any faith, or of [[Irreligion|none]]. In [[Malaysia]], a Non-Muslim must convert to Islam in order to marry a Muslim, and the offspring of such unions are automatically Muslims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Society%20and%20Life/Citizen/Family/Marriage/ProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim/Pages/MarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813113000/http://www.malaysia.gov.my/EN/Relevant%20Topics/Society%20and%20Life/Citizen/Family/Marriage/ProcedureMarriageMuslimandNonMuslim/Pages/MarriageBetweenMuslimandNonMuslim.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Marriage Procedures Between Muslim and Non-Muslim|archivedate=August 13, 2009}}</ref>

Canadian Muslim scholar [[Ahmad Kutty]] has expressed disapproval of all interfaith marriages, citing the example of [[Umar ibn al-Khattab|ʿUmar]].<ref name="onislam.net"/> According to Canadian Islamic teacher [[Bilal Philips]], the verse permitting Muslim men to marry Non-Muslim women is no longer valid for several reasons (including its misinterpretation).<ref>{{cite web|date=2006-12-14|title=Marriage to Non Muslim - Contemporary Issues - Bilal Philips|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7boA3baF2dg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/7boA3baF2dg| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live|access-date=2012-11-07|publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Canadian Islamic scholar [[Shabir Ally]] has also said that it is ''makruh'' for a Muslim man to marry outside his religion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Can a Muslim Woman Marry a Non-Muslim Man?|url=http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/society-and-family/interfaith-issues/461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228192858/http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-about-islam/society-and-family/interfaith-issues/461537-can-a-muslim-women-marry-a-non-muslim-man.html|archive-date=28 February 2013|access-date=17 March 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The movement of [[progressive Islam]] permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men; Members opining this view include Islamic scholars such as [[Islamic feminism|Muslim feminist]] Shehnaz Haqqani, [[Khaleel Mohammed]], [[Daayiee Abdullah]], and [[Hassan Al-Turabi]], among others.<ref name="Haqqani 2023"/><ref name="Jahangir2017"/>

==== Judaism ====
{{Main|Interfaith marriage in Judaism}}
{{Further|Conversion to Judaism|Judaism and other religions}}
[[File:Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld- Ruth im Feld des Boaz.jpg|thumb|300px|left| In the [[Hebrew Bible]], [[Ruth (biblical figure)|Ruth]] was a [[Moabites|Moabite]] woman who married an [[Israelites|Israelite]] man, [[Mahlon and Chilion|Mahlon]]. She is the person after whom the [[Book of Ruth]] is named.]]

Interfaith marriage in [[Judaism]] was historically viewed with disfavor among [[Rabbinic Judaism|rabbinical Jewish leaders]], and it remains a controversial topic to this day. The [[Talmud]] and ''[[Posek|poskim]]'' prohibit non-Jews to marry Jews, and discuss when the prohibition is from the [[Torah]] and when it is [[Rabbinic literature|rabbinical]].<ref>Talmud Bavli, [[Avodah Zarah]] 36b; [[Maimonides]], [[Mishneh Torah]], Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations 12:1 and commentaries; Rabbi [[Yosef Karo]], [[Shulchan Aruch]] II:16:2 and commentaries</ref> In 1236, [[Moses of Coucy]] encouraged Jewish men who had married Christian or [[Women in Islam|Muslim women]] to divorce them.<ref>Moses of Coucy, ''Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol'', 112, as per JE</ref> In 1844, the reformed [[Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick]] permitted Jews to marry "any adherent of a [[Monotheism|monotheistic religion]]" if children of the marriage were raised Jewish.<ref name="JewEncInter">''Jewish Encyclopedia'', ''Intermarriage''</ref> This conference was controversial; one of its resolutions called on members to abolish the ''[[Kol Nidre]]'' prayer, which opens the ''[[Yom Kippur]]'' service.<ref>Jewish Encyclopedia, "Conferences, Rabbinical"</ref> One member of the conference later changed his opinion, becoming an opponent of intermarriage.<ref>Ludwig Philippson, ''Israelitische Religionslehre'' (1865), 3:350</ref>

Traditional Judaism does not consider marriage between a [[Who is a Jew?|Jew by birth]] and a convert to Judaism as intermarriage;<ref>[[Berakhot (Talmud)|Berakhot]] 28a</ref><ref>Kiddushin 5:4 (Tosefta)</ref><ref>Rabbi [[Yosef Karo]], ''[[Shulchan Aruch]]'' III:4:10</ref> Biblical passages which apparently support intermarriage, such as that of [[Joseph (son of Jacob)|Joseph]] to [[Asenath]] and [[Ruth (biblical figure)|Ruth]] to [[Boaz]], were regarded by classical rabbis as having occurred after the non-Jewish spouse had converted.<ref>Genesis Rabbah, 65</ref> Some still considered [[Canaan|Canaanites]] forbidden to marry even after their conversion to Judaism, although this did not necessarily apply to their children.<ref>Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations, 12:22 and Maggid Mashnah ad. loc.</ref>

[[Orthodox Judaism]] refuses to accept intermarriage and tries to avoid facilitating them.
[[Conservative Judaism]] does not sanction intermarriage but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse by the family in the hope that such acceptance will lead to the spouse's [[conversion to Judaism]].<ref>''Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism'', ''Statement on Intermarriage'', Adopted on March 7, 1995</ref> In December 2014, the [[United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]]'s [[United Synagogue Youth]] controversially modified a binding rule that its leaders would not [[Dating|date]] [[Goy|non-Jews]], replacing it with a "recogni[tion of] the importance of dating within the Jewish community."<ref name="A7-intermarriage">{{cite news|last1=Fendel|first1=Hillel|title=Conservative Judaism Youth Group Relaxes Inter-Dating Rules|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/189151|access-date=26 December 2014|issue=Main-News-Jewish World|publisher=Arutz Sheva|date=26 December 2014}}</ref>

[[Reform Judaism|Reform]] and [[Reconstructionist Judaism|Reconstructionist]] denominations of Judaism do not generally regard the authority of classical rabbis; many [[rabbi]]s from these denominations are willing to officiate at interfaith marriages,<ref>''Survey of the American Rabbinate'', The Jewish Outreach Institute, {{cite web |url=http://joi.org/library/research/rabbis.shtml |title=The Jewish Outreach Institute |access-date=2009-11-17 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090903010038/http://joi.org/library/research/rabbis.shtml |archive-date=3 September 2009 |df=dmy-all }} (retrieved 6 May 2009)</ref><ref>''Summary of Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling 2003 Survey'', Irwin H. Fishbein, Rabbi, D. Min., Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling, [http://www.rcrconline.org/research.htm] (retrieved 6 May 2009)</ref> although some try to persuade intermarried couples to raise their children as Jews. In 1870, some Reform Jews published the opinion that intermarriage is prohibited.<ref>D.Einhorn, in ''The Jewish Times'', (1870), No. 45, p. 11</ref>

In 2015 the [[Reconstructionist Rabbinical College]] voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making [[Reconstructionist Judaism]] the first major movement within Judaism to allow rabbis to have relationships with non-Jewish partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/75811/reconstructionists-give-green-light-to-intermarried-rabbinical-students|title=Reconstructionists give green light to intermarried rabbinical students|publisher=Jweekly|author=Lisa Hostein|date=October 1, 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> [[Humanistic Judaism]] is a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life, defining Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people. The [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]] answers the question, "Is intermarriage contributing to the demise of Judaism?" on its website: "Intermarriage is the positive consequence of a free and open society. If the Jewish community is open, welcoming, embracing, and pluralistic, we will encourage more people to identify with the Jewish people rather than fewer. Intermarriage could contribute to the continuity of the Jewish people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shj.org/humanistic-judaism/13-tough-questions |title=13 Tough Questions |publisher=Shj.org |date=2013-05-13 |access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref>

During the early 19th century, intermarriage was relatively rare; less than one-tenth of one percent of the Jews of Algeria, for example, practiced [[exogamy]].<ref>Ricoux, ''Demography of Algeria'', Paris, 1860, p. 71</ref> Since the early 20th century, rates of Jewish intermarriage have increased. In the [[United States]] from 1996 to 2001, nearly half (47 percent) of marriages involving Jews were intermarriages with non-Jewish partners<ref>[[National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01]]</ref> (a similar proportion—44 percent—as in the early 20th century in [[New South Wales]]).<ref>''Census of New South Wales, 1901'', Bulletin No. 14</ref>

In [[Israel]], the religious authorities, which are the only entities authorized to perform weddings in Israel, can only perform marriages within the confines of whatever religion they are a religious figure for. Therefore, interfaith couples can usually be legally married in Israel only if one of the partners converts to the religion of the other.<ref name="thejewishweek.com"/> For this reason, interfaith couples from Israel and [[Lebanon]] often travel to [[Cyprus]] to be legally wed.<ref>{{cite news | title=Interfaith couples go to Cyprus to wed | work = The Washington Times | date=2009-10-21 | url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/oct/21/interfaith-couples-go-to-cyprus-to-wed/ | access-date=2023-04-19}}</ref>