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Irish declension
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====First==== The first declension is made up of masculine nouns. The nominative singular ends in a broad consonant, which is made slender in the genitive singular. The most common formation of the plural has the opposite pattern: the nominative ends in a slender consonant, the genitive in a broad consonant (these plurals are known as weak plurals in comparison with strong plurals which maintain identical endings for all cases in the plural). The dative is identical to the nominative in both numbers, although an obsolete dative plural in {{lang|ga|-aibh}} is still sometimes encountered in old-fashioned literary style. {|class="wikitable" ! width=150px | {{lang|ga|bád}} "boat" ! width=200px | Singular ! width=200px | Plural |- | Nominative || {{lang|ga|bád}} {{IPA|/bˠaːd̪ˠ/}} || {{lang|ga|báid}} {{IPA|/bˠaːdʲ/}} |- | Vocative || {{lang|ga|a bháid}} {{IPA|/ə waːdʲ/}} || {{lang|ga|a bháda}} {{IPA|/ə waːd̪ˠə/}} |- | Genitive || {{lang|ga|báid}} {{IPA|/bˠaːdʲ/}} || {{lang|ga|bád}} {{IPA|/bˠaːd̪ˠ/}} |- | Dative || {{lang|ga|bád}} {{IPA|/bˠaːd̪ˠ/}} || {{lang|ga|báid}} (''obsolete'' {{lang|ga|bádaibh}}) |} When {{IPA|/x/}} in the gen. sing. and nom. pl. of a polysyllabic word is made slender, it also becomes [[voice (phonetics)|voice]]d, thus: *{{IPA|/x/}} > {{IPA|/ç/}} > {{IPA|/j/}}. The resulting {{IPA|/əj/}} is written -{{vr|(a)igh}} and is pronounced {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, or {{IPA|/əɟ/}}, depending on dialect. {|class="wikitable" ! width=150px | {{lang|ga|marcach}} "a horseman" ! width=200px | Singular ! width=200px | Plural |- | Nominative || {{lang|ga|marcach}} {{IPA|/mˠaɾˠkəx/}} || {{lang|ga|marcaigh}} {{IPA|/mˠaɾˠkəj/}} |- | Vocative || {{lang|ga|a mharcaigh}} {{IPA|/ə waɾˠkəj/}} | {{lang|ga|a mharcacha}} {{IPA|/ə waɾˠkəxə/}} |- | Genitive || {{lang|ga|marcaigh}} {{IPA|/mˠaɾˠkəj/}} | {{lang|ga|marcach}} {{IPA|/mˠaɾˠkəx/}} |- | Dative || {{lang|ga|marcach}} {{IPA|/mˠaɾˠkəx/}} | {{lang|ga|marcaigh}} (''obsolete'' {{lang|ga|marcachaibh}}) |} Some nouns undergo a vowel change before the slender consonant of the genitive singular/nominative plural: *{{lang|ga|ball, baill}} - an (internal) organ, component part *{{lang|ga|bonn, boinn}} - a sole, coin *{{lang|ga|ceann, cinn}} - a head *{{lang|ga|fear, fir}} - a man *{{lang|ga|iasc, éisc}} - a fish *{{lang|ga|mac, mic}} {{IPA|/mˠak, mʲɪc/}} - a son (note: the ''first'' consonant is made slender in the gen.sg./nom.pl. as well) *{{lang|ga|poll, poill}} - a hole Many words of this declension form the plural with one of the endings ''-(a)í, -ta, -tha, -anna''. These are known as "strong plural" endings, which means the plural is identical in all cases in the standard language. Some examples: *{{lang|ga|aonach}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|aonaigh}}, pl. {{lang|ga|aontaí}} - a fair *{{lang|ga|bealach}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|bealaigh}}, pl. {{lang|ga|bealaí}} - a way *{{lang|ga|carr}} {{IPA|/kaːɾˠ/}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|cairr}} {{IPA|/kaːɾˠ/}}, pl. {{lang|ga|carranna}} {{IPA|/kaɾˠən̪ˠə/}} - a car *{{lang|ga|glór}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|glóir}}, pl. {{lang|ga|glórtha}} - a voice *{{lang|ga|leanbh}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|linbh}}, pl. {{lang|ga|leanaí}} - a child *{{lang|ga|néal}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|néil}}, pl. {{lang|ga|néalta}} - a cloud *{{lang|ga|rós}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|róis}}, pl. {{lang|ga|rósanna}} - a rose *{{lang|ga|samhradh}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|samhraidh}}, pl. {{lang|ga|samhraí}} - a summer *{{lang|ga|scéal}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|scéil}}, pl. {{lang|ga|scéalta}} - a story *{{lang|ga|toradh}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|toraidh}}, pl. {{lang|ga|torthaí}} - fruit Some nouns have a weak plural (a plural where the genitive is different from the nominative, and is identical to the form of the nominative singular) in ''-a'': *{{lang|ga|ceart}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|cirt}}, nom. pl. {{lang|ga|cearta}}, gen. pl. {{lang|ga|ceart}} - a right *{{lang|ga|cleas}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|clis}}, nom. pl. {{lang|ga|cleasa}}, gen. pl. {{lang|ga|cleas}} - a trick *{{lang|ga|úll}}, gen. sg. {{lang|ga|úill}}, nom. pl. {{lang|ga|úlla}}, gen. pl. {{lang|ga|úll}} - an apple Other strong plural formations are found in: *{{lang|ga|bóthar, bóthair; bóithre}} - road *{{lang|ga|breitheamh, breithimh; breithiúna}} - judge *{{lang|ga|briathar, briathair; briathra}} - verb *{{lang|ga|cloigeann, cloiginn; cloigne}} - skull *{{lang|ga|doras, dorais; doirse}} - door *{{lang|ga|ollamh, ollaimh; ollúna}} - professor *{{lang|ga|solas, solais; soilse}} - light
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