Editing Jicarilla Apache (section)

===Jicarilla reservation===
[[File:A Jicarilla Man, 1904, Edward S. Curtis (sepia restored).jpg|upright|thumb|right|Portrait of a Jicarilla man, 1904]]
[[File:Edward S. Curtis, Jicarilla maiden, New Mexico, 1905.jpg|upright|thumb|right|Portrait of a Jicarilla maiden, 1905]]
Beginning in the mid-1850s, following the westward expansion of the U.S. and its impact on their livelihoods, attempts began to [[Population transfer|relocate]] the Jicarilla Apache, who became increasingly hostile to these pressures. In addition, relations with the Spanish also became hostile when they captured and sold Apache tribal members into slavery. After years of warfare, broken treaties, relocation, and being the only southwestern tribe without a reservation, the Jicarilla Llanero and Ollero bands united in 1873. They sent a delegation to [[Washington, D.C.]], to request a [[Indian reservation|reservation]]. Eventually, U.S. President [[Grover Cleveland]] created the Jicarilla Apache Reservation through an [[executive order]] signed on February 11, 1887.<ref>Pritzker, 12-13.</ref>
	
After finally securing a reservation, it was spiritually disheartening for them to accept that they would no longer roam on their traditional holy lands and have access to their sacred places.<ref name=VelardeTiller28/> When they arrived, the two bands settled in separate areas of the Reservation. The animosities stemming from this period have persisted into the twentieth century, with the Olleros generally identified as progressives and the Llaneros as conservatives.<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Jicarilla-Sociopolitical-Organization.html Jicarilla - Sociopolitical organization]</ref>

The land on the reservation, except that held by non-tribal members, was not suitable for [[agriculture]]. As a means of survival, the tribe sold timber from the reservation. In 1907, additional land was secured for the reservation, totaling {{Convert|742,315|acres|km2|0}}, suitable for sheep ranching, which became profitable in the 1920s. Until that time, many people suffered from [[malnutrition]], and up to 90% of the tribe members had [[tuberculosis]] in 1914. By the 1920s, it seemed likely that the Jicarilla Apache nation may become extinct due to [[trachoma]], tuberculosis, and other diseases. After several difficult ranching periods, many of the previous [[shepherd|sheep herders]] relocated to the tribal headquarters in [[Dulce, New Mexico]]. The Jicarilla suffered due to a lack of economic opportunities for decades.<ref name=VelardeTiller28/><ref name=Pritzker13>Pritzker, 13.</ref><ref name=Griffin-Pierce381>Griffin-Pierce, 381.</ref>

Oil and gas development began on the reservation after World War II, generating up to $1 million annually. Some of this revenue was set aside for a tribal [[scholarship]] fund and to develop the Stone Lake Lodge facility.<ref name=Pritzker13/><ref name=Griffin-Pierce381/> In 1982, the [[United States Supreme Court|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruled in ''[[Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe]]'', {{ussc|455|130|1982}} that the tribe had the authority to impose [[severance taxes]] on oil companies drilling for oil and natural gas on reservation land.<ref>''Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe'', {{ussc|455|130|1982}}</ref>

As a means of repayment for lost tribal lands, the Jicarilla received a settlement in 1971 for $9.15 million.<ref name=Pritzker13/> The Jicarilla Apache made a claim for compensation to the U.S. Government when the [[Indian Claims Commission]] was created.<ref>Indian Claims Commission. Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, Vol. 25, Docket 22-A, p.248-49.</ref> A two-volume technical report was submitted to the Commission on Spanish and Mexican grants, both unconfirmed and confirmed as part of the case.<ref>[[Howard F. Cline]], ''Spanish and Mexican Land Grants and the Jicarilla Apache in New Mexico, 1689-1848: A Technical Report including a list of grants, confirmed and unconfirmed and summary of data''. 2 volumes, 340 pp. Maps, Bibliography. Docket 22-A, Indian Claims Commission.</ref> The tribe was awarded $9,150,000 in the commission's final judgment on April 20, 1971.<ref>Indian Claims Commission. Jicarilla Apache Tribe of the Jicarilla Apache Reservation, Vol. 25, Docket 22-A, p.248-49</ref>

In 2019, the census showed that there were 3,353 people living on the reservation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census profile: Jicarilla Apache Nation Reservation |url=http://censusreporter.org/profiles/25200US1700R-jicarilla-apache-nation-reservation/ |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=Census Reporter |language=en}}</ref> The New Mexico Tourism Department reports that there are approximately "2,755 tribal members, most of whom live in the town of Dulce."<ref name="JA population">{{Cite web |title=Jicarilla Apache Nation |url=https://www.newmexico.org/native-culture/native-communities/jicarilla-apache-nation/ |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=www.newmexico.org |language=en-us}}</ref>