Editing John Bardeen (section)

===Josephson effect controversy===
Bardeen became interested in superconducting [[Quantum tunnelling|tunnelling]] in the summer of 1960 after consulting for the [[General Electric Research Laboratory]] in Schenectady, New York where he learned about experiments done by [[Ivar Giaever]] at the [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] which suggested that electrons from a normal material could tunnel into a superconducting one.{{r|trueGenius|pp=222-223}}

In June 8, 1962, [[Brian Josephson]], then 23, submitted to [[Physics Letters]] his prediction of a super-current flow across a barrier,<ref>{{cite journal |first1=B. D. |last1=Josephson |author1-link=Brian Josephson |year=1962 |title=Possible new effects in superconductive tunnelling |journal=Phys. Lett. |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=251–253 |doi=10.1016/0031-9163(62)91369-0 |bibcode=1962PhL.....1..251J}}</ref> effect which later became known as the [[Josephson effect]]. Bardeen challenged Josephson's theory on a note in his own paper received ten days later by [[Physical Review Letters]]{{r|trueGenius|pp=222-225}}:<ref>{{cite journal |first1=John |last1=Bardeen |date=15 August 1962 |title=Tunneling Into Superconductors |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.147 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=147–149 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.147|bibcode=1962PhRvL...9..147B |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<blockquote>
In a recent note, Josephson uses a somewhat similar formulation to discuss the possibility of superfluid flow across the tunneling region, in which no quasi-particles are created. However, as pointed out by the author (reference 3), pairing does not extend into the barrier, so that there can be no such superfluid flow.
</blockquote>

The matter was further discussed on the 8th [[International Conference on Low Temperature Physics]] held September 16 to 22, 1962 at [[Queen Mary University of London]]. While Josephson was presenting his theory, Bardeen rose to describe his objections. After an intense debate both men were unable to reach a common understanding, and at points Josephson repeatedly asked Bardeen, "Did you calculate it? No? I did."{{r|trueGenius|pp=225-226}}

In 1963, experimental evidence and further theoretical clarifications were discovered supporting the Josephson effect, notably in a paper by [[Philip W. Anderson]] and John Rowell from [[Bell Labs]].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=P. W. |last1=Anderson |first2=J. M. |last2=Rowell |date=15 March 1963 |title=Probable Observation of the Josephson Superconducting Tunneling Effect |url=https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.230 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=230–232 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.230|bibcode=1963PhRvL..10..230A |url-access=subscription }}</ref> After this, Bardeen came to accept Josephson's theory and publicly withdrew his previous opposition to it at a conference held in August 1963. Bardeen also invited Josephson as a postdoc in Illinois for the academic year of 1965–1966, and later nominated Josephson and Giaever for the Nobel Prize in Physics, which they received in 1973.{{r|trueGenius|pp=226}}