Editing Kidney failure (section)

=== Genetic predisposition ===
The ''[[APOL1]]'' gene has been proposed as a major genetic risk locus for a spectrum of nondiabetic renal failure in individuals of African origin, these include [[HIV-associated nephropathy]] (HIVAN), primary nonmonogenic forms of [[focal segmental glomerulosclerosis]], and hypertension affiliated [[chronic kidney disease]] not attributed to other etiologies.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bostrom MA, Freedman BI | title = The spectrum of MYH9-associated nephropathy | journal = Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 1107–13 | date = June 2010 | pmid = 20299374 | pmc = 4890964 | doi = 10.2215/CJN.08721209 }}</ref> Two western African variants in APOL1 have been shown to be associated with end stage kidney disease in African Americans and Hispanic Americans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Genovese G, Friedman DJ, Ross MD, Lecordier L, Uzureau P, Freedman BI, Bowden DW, Langefeld CD, Oleksyk TK, Uscinski Knob AL, Bernhardy AJ, Hicks PJ, Nelson GW, Vanhollebeke B, Winkler CA, Kopp JB, Pays E, Pollak MR | display-authors = 6 | title = Association of trypanolytic ApoL1 variants with kidney disease in African Americans | journal = Science | volume = 329 | issue = 5993 | pages = 841–5 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20647424 | pmc = 2980843 | doi = 10.1126/science.1193032 | bibcode = 2010Sci...329..841G }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tzur S, Rosset S, Shemer R, Yudkovsky G, Selig S, Tarekegn A, Bekele E, Bradman N, Wasser WG, Behar DM, Skorecki K | display-authors = 6 | title = Missense mutations in the APOL1 gene are highly associated with end stage kidney disease risk previously attributed to the MYH9 gene | journal = Human Genetics | volume = 128 | issue = 3 | pages = 345–50 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20635188 | pmc = 2921485 | doi = 10.1007/s00439-010-0861-0 }}</ref>