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Laal language
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===Pronouns=== ====Personal==== In the following tables, note the distinction between [[clusivity|inclusive and exclusive we]], found in many other languages but not [[English language|English]], and the gender differentiation of "I" in certain forms. The inanimate plural has been dropped by most popular younger speakers in favour of the animate plural, but both are given below. The object paradigm for verbs is quite complex; only two of its several sets of [[allomorph]]s are given in the table below. "He" and "she" are used only for human referents; other nouns take the neuter pronoun. That is quite distinct from the languages with which Laal shares vocabulary, but Laal has traces of an old Adamawa-type noun-class system (Lionnet 2010). The first- and second-person plural forms are quite similar to Chadic languages (specifically, [[Kera language|Kera]]) which are currently quite distant from the Laal-speaking region, but they have no similarities to Adamawa. {| class="wikitable" |- ! rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Simple ! rowspan="2" | Emphatic ! rowspan="2" | Benefactive ! rowspan="2" | At ! rowspan="2" | Possessive ! colspan="2" | Object |- ! n-type ! r-type |- ! I (masc.) | ''ɟá'' | ''ɟá'' | ''ni'' | ''ɗe:'' | ''-↑ər'' | ''-↑ə́n'' | ''-↑ə́r'' |- ! I (fem.) | ''ɟí'' | ''ɟí'' | ''ni'' | ''ɗe:'' | ''-↑ər'' | ''-↑ə́n'' | ''-↑ə́r'' |- ! you | ''ʔò'' | ''ʔùáj'' | ''na'' | ''ɗa:'' | ''-↓a'' | ''-↘(u)án'' | ''-↘á'' |- ! he | ''ʔà'' | ''ʔàáj'' | ''nar'' | ''ɗa:r'' | ''-↓ar'' | ''-↓án'' | ''-↓ár'' |- ! she | ''ʔɨ̀n'' | ''ʔɨ̀ní'' | ''nùg'' | ''ɗò:g'' | ''-↑o(g), -↗o(g)'' | ''-↗òn'' | ''-↑ò'' |- ! it | ''ʔàn'' | ''ʔàní'' | ''nàná'' | ''ɗà:ná'' | ''-↓an'' | ''-↓àn'' | ''-↓àr, -↓àn'' |- ! we (excl.) | ''ʔùrú'' | ''ʔùrú'' | ''nùrú'' | ''ɗò:ró'' | ''-↑rú'' | ''-↗(ˋ)nùrú, -↑(ˋ)nùrú'' | ''-↗(ˋ)rùú, -↑(ˋ)rùú'' |- ! we (incl.) | ''ʔàáŋ'' | ''ʔàáŋ'' | ''nàáŋ'' | ''ɗàáŋ'' | ''-↑ráŋ'' | ''-↑(ˋ)nàáŋ'' | ''-↑(ˋ)ràáŋ'' |- ! you (pl.) | ''ʔùn'' | ''ʔùnúŋ'' | ''nùúŋ'' | ''ɗòóŋ'' | ''-↑rúŋ'' | ''-↗(ˋ)nùúŋ, -↑(ˋ)nùúŋ'' | ''-↗(ˋ)rùúŋ, -↑(ˋ)rùúŋ'' |- ! they (anim.) | ''ʔì'' | ''ʔìrí'' | ''nìrí'' | ''ɗè:ri'' | ''-↑rí'' | ''-↑(ˋ)nìrí'' | ''-↑(ˋ)rìí'' |- ! they (inan.) | ''ʔuàn'' | ''ʔuàní'' | ''nuàná'' | ''ɗuà:ná'' | ''-↘an, -↑uan'' | ''-↘àn'' | ''-↘àr, -↘àn'' |} (The arrows indicate [[vowel harmony]] triggered in by the suffix by the root.) ====Relative and indefinite pronouns==== {| class="wikitable" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Singular ! colspan="2" | Plural |- ! Male || Female || Inanimate ! Animate || Inanimate |- ! who/of | ''ɟá'' | ''ɟí'' | ''má'' | ''jí'' | ''já'' |- ! some ... | ''ɟàn'' | ''ɟìn'' | ''màn'' | ''jìn'' | ''jìn'' |- ! such a ... | ''ɟuàŋá'' | ''ɟùŋú'' | ''muàŋá'' | ''jùŋú'' | ''jùŋú'' |} ====Interrogative==== ''jé'' "what?", ''ɟè'' "who?", ''ɗé'' "where?", ''sɨ̀g'' "how much?".
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