Editing Land Rover Defender (section)

==Defender==
{{Infobox automobile
|image          = Defender90.JPG
|name           = Land Rover Defender
|production     = 1990–2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidermedia.com/insider/midlands/limited-edition-defender-revealed-to-mark-anniversary |title=Limited edition Defender revealed to mark anniversary|last=Robinson|first=Jon|date=2018-01-19|website=Insider Media Limited|access-date=2018-01-22}}</ref>
|body_style     = {{unbulleted list|3-door [[sport utility vehicle|4x4]]|5-door [[sport utility vehicle|4x4]]|2-door single cab [[Pickup truck|pickup]]|4-door double cab [[Pickup truck|pickup]]|2-door [[van|hardtop]]}}
|platform       = 
|related        = {{unbulleted list|[[Land Rover Wolf]]|[[Santana Motors|Santana PS-10]]|[[Iveco Massif]]|[[MDT David]]}}
|engine         = {{unbulleted list|2.8 L [[BMW M52#M52B28|''BMW M52B28'']] [[petrol engine|petrol]] [[Straight-six engine|I6]]|3.9 L [[Rover V8 engine#3.9/4.0|''Rover V8'']] [[petrol engine|petrol]] [[V8 engine|V8]]|5.0 L [[Jaguar AJ-V8 engine#AJ-V8 Gen III|''Jaguar AJ-V8'' petrol V8]] [[Supercharger|Supercharged]]|2.2 L [[Ford Duratorq engine#2.2|''Ford Duratorq'']] [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]|2.4 L [[Ford Duratorq engine#2.4|''Ford Duratorq'']] [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]|2.5 L [[Land Rover engines#200Tdi (Engine Code 11L, 12L and 13L)|200 Tdi]] [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]|2.5 L [[Land Rover engines#300Tdi (Engine Codes 16L and 23L)|300 Tdi]] [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]|2.5 L [[Land Rover engines#Td5 (Engine Codes 15P and 16P)|''Td5'']] [[turbodiesel]] [[Straight-five engine|I5]]}}
|transmission   = {{unbulleted list|5-speed ''LT77'' [[manual transmission|manual]]|5-speed ''R380'' [[manual transmission|manual]]|4-speed [[ZF 4HP22 transmission|''ZF 4HP22'']] [[automatic transmission|automatic]]|6-speed ''GFT MT-82'' [[manual transmission|manual]]}}
|wheelbase      = {{unbulleted list|{{convert|92.9|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (90)| {{convert|110|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110)|{{convert|127|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (130)}}
|length         = {{unbulleted list|{{convert|144|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (90 pickup)|{{convert|153|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2000s 90)|{{convert|172|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110 Pickup)|{{convert|182.3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2000s 110)|{{convert|183|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110 Hardtop)|{{convert|174.7|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}|{{convert|157.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1997-2000s 90)|{{convert|160.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1990–94 90)|{{convert|181.1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1990s 110)|{{convert|204|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (130)}}
|width          = {{unbulleted list|{{convert|70.5|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1990s)|{{convert|70|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2000s 90)}}
|height         = {{unbulleted list|{{convert|80|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (2000s 90)|{{convert|80.2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (1990s 90)|{{convert|80.0|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} (110)}}
|layout         = 
}}

The biggest change to the Land Rover came in late 1990, when it became the Land Rover Defender. This was because in 1989 the company had introduced the [[Land Rover Discovery|Discovery]] model, requiring the original Land Rover to acquire a name.<ref name="The Land Rover File"/> The Discovery also had a new [[turbodiesel]] engine, the 200TDi. This was also loosely based on the existing 2.5-litre turbo unit, and was built on the same production line, but had a modern alloy cylinder head, improved turbocharging, intercooling and [[Direct fuel injection|direct injection]]. It retained the block, [[crankshaft]], main [[Bearing (mechanical)|bearings]], [[cambelt]] system, and other ancillaries as the Diesel Turbo. The breather system included an oil separator filter to remove oil from the air in the system, thus finally solving the Diesel Turbo's main weakness of re-breathing its own sump oil. The 200Tdi, produced {{convert|107|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|195|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} of torque, which was nearly a 25% improvement on the engine it replaced (although as installed in the Defender the engine was de-tuned slightly from its original Discovery {{convert|111|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} specification due to changes associated with the turbo position and exhaust routing).<ref name="The Land Rover File"/>

This engine finally allowed the Defender to cruise comfortably at high speeds, as well as tow heavy loads speedily on hills while still being economical. In theory, it only replaced the older Diesel Turbo engine in the range, with the other four-cylinder engines (and the V8 petrol engine) still being available. However, the Tdi's combination of performance and economy meant that it took the vast majority of sales. Exceptions were the [[British Army]] and some commercial operators, who continued to buy vehicles with the 2.5-litre naturally aspirated diesel engine (in the army's case, this was because the Tdi was unable to be fitted with a 24-volt [[Electric generator|generator]]). Small numbers of V8-engined Defenders were sold to users in countries with low fuel costs or who required as much power as possible (such as in Defenders used as [[fire engine]]s and [[ambulance]]s).

Along with the 200Tdi engine, the One Two Seven's name was changed to the "Land Rover Defender 130". The wheelbase remained the same; the new figure was simply a rounding up. More importantly, 130s were no longer built from "cut-and-shut" 110s, but had dedicated chassis built from scratch. The chassis retained the same basic structure as the 90 and 110 models, but with a longer wheelbase.

1994 saw another development of the Tdi engine, the 300Tdi. Although the 200Tdi had been a big step forward, it had been essentially a reworking of the old turbocharged diesel to accept a direct injection system. In contrast the 300Tdi was virtually new, despite the same capacity, and both the Defender and the Discovery had engines in the same state of tune, {{convert|111|bhp|abbr=on}}, {{convert|195|lbfft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="The Land Rover File"/>

Throughout the 1990s the vehicle attempted to climb more and more upmarket, while remaining true to its working roots. This trend was epitomised by limited-edition vehicles, such as the SV90 in 1992 with roll-over protection cage, alloy wheels and metallic paint and the 50th anniversary 90 in 1998, equipped with automatic transmission, air conditioning and Range Rover 4.0-litre V8 engine.  Despite these improvements, the Defender in the UK continued to be sold in the taxation class of a [[commercial vehicle]] and therefore attracted [[Value Added Tax]] (VAT) whenever resold on the secondhand market.

A new variant was the Defender 110 double cab, featuring a 4x4-style seating area, with an open pick up back. Although prototypes had been built in the Series days, it was not until the late 1990s that this vehicle finally reached production.

===BMW M52 engine===
Land Rover South Africa offered a unique Defender during the period the group was owned by BMW. Between 1997 and 2001, the Defender 90 and 110 were offered with a BMW petrol engine alongside the normal Tdi engine.<ref name="ddroppa">{{cite news|last1=Droppa|first1=Denis|title=Landy lifted by BM boost|newspaper=[[The Star (South Africa)|The Star]]|date=1997-03-06|url=http://www.z3roadster.it/bizzone/defender2.8i/4.jpg|access-date=2016-08-16|archive-date=2016-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816151525/http://www.z3roadster.it/bizzone/defender2.8i/4.jpg|url-status=dead}}</ref> The engine was the [[BMW M52]] 2793 cc, straight-six, 24-valve engine as found in the BMW 328i, 528i, 728i, and the Z3.<ref name="ddroppa"/> Power and torque output for this engine was {{convert|143|kW|hp|0|abbr=on}} at 5,300 rpm and {{convert|280|Nm|lbft|0|abbr=on}} at 3,950 rpm.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Land Rover South Africa|title=2.8i Supplementary Hand Book|url=http://www.4x4community.co.za/forum/showthread.php/23915-2-8i-(BMW-M52)-Supplemental-Reference|website=SA 4x4 Community|access-date=2016-08-16|page=10}}</ref> This option was offered due to a demand for a petrol-driven alternative to the diesel engine after production of the V8 Defender had ended.  The vehicles were built at Rosslyn outside Pretoria.<ref name="Market">{{cite web |title=Land Rover Defender 2.8i takes the 4x4 market to a higher level |url=http://www.landrover.co.za/HOTNEWS/market.htm |website=Land Rover South Africa |access-date=16 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980523211302/http://www.landrover.co.za/HOTNEWS/market.htm |archive-date=23 May 1998}}</ref> Total production for the 2.8i was 1395, which included 656 Defender 90s and 739 Defender 110s.<ref>{{cite web |title=More info on 2.8i Defender |url=http://www.4x4community.co.za/forum/showthread.php/266189-More-info-on-2-8i-Defender?p=3443868#post3443868 |website=SA 4x4 Community Forum |access-date=6 March 2017}}</ref> This is an estimate based on sales figures from the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa (NAAMSA). Early models were not speed-restricted, but later models were limited to {{convert|160|kph|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ddroppa"/> [[File:Land Rover Defender 2.8i engine.jpg|thumb|left|The South African Defender BMW-engined 2.8i (1997–2001)]]

The development of the Defender 2.8i began in February 1996 as a joint project between Land Rover and BMW, following the recent unification of the two companies.<ref name="Market"/> Some of BMW's top engineers including Frank Isenberg, head of BMW Driver Training and the F87 [[BMW M2|M2]] project, were part of the development team.<ref name="roadandtrack.com">{{cite news|first1=Máté|last1=Petrány|first2=Frank|last2=Isenberg|title=The BMW M2's Top Engineer Has this Amazing 'Red Mamba' Land Rover Defender|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-accessories/features/a31958/engineers-cars-the-red-mamba/|date=2016-12-16|website=Road & Track|publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc.|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref> The project was initially top secret and in 2 to 3 weeks' time they had converted a Defender 110 that originally had a 3.5-litre V8 into the first 2.8i.<ref name="roadandtrack.com"/> To produce a 90 2.8i prototype a Defender 90 with a V8 chassis was required, but the local 3.5-litre version had ended production, so Land Rover UK sent a North American specification 1995 Defender 90 soft top model to South Africa which engineers turned into the first Defender 90 2.8i prototype.<ref name="roadandtrack.com4">{{cite news|last1=Petrány|first1=Máté|last2=Isenberg|first2=Frank|date=2016-12-16|title=The BMW M2's Top Engineer Has this Amazing 'Red Mamba' Land Rover Defender|url=http://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-accessories/features/a31958/engineers-cars-the-red-mamba/|access-date=2016-12-18|website=Road & Track|publisher=Hearst Communications, Inc.}}</ref><ref name="GreenLandy">{{cite web|date=2005-01-25|title=GreenLandy|url=http://www.greenlandy.co.za/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080110121526/http://www.greenlandy.co.za/|archive-date=2008-01-10|access-date=2016-08-16|website=GreenLandy}}</ref> They nicknamed it "Green Mamba" due to its Coniston Green colour.<ref name="roadandtrack.com4" /><ref name="GreenLandy" /> To make the 2.8i Defenders ready for production, the prototypes were subjected to extensive testing.<ref name="roadandtrack.com" /> According to Land Rover South Africa, there were six prototype vehicles that were tested off-road and on-road for over 500,000 kms total.<ref name="Market" /> The new BMW M52 Defender performed better than the V8 Defender it replaced in nearly every test.<ref name="GreenLandy"/>

To adapt the BMW M52 engine to the Defender chassis, the engineers were able to utilize some of the parts from the recently developed BMW M51 diesel-powered Range Rover 2.5 DSE. They used the clutch housing, clutch, flywheel, and slave cylinder from that vehicle to connect the engine to the R380 gearbox, but they had to produce a new clutch housing adaptor (bell housing) for the petrol M52 engine in the Defender. The unique clutch housing adaptor was necessary because the petrol M52 engine is tilted 10 degrees compared to the diesel M51 engine and it needed to be longer to match the input shaft of the R380 gearbox borrowed from the 300Tdi Defender. Due to the large diameter gearbox input shaft, the standard BMW pilot bearing could not be fitted, so a unique pilot bushing made of [[Oilite|Oilite bronze]] was developed. It had an inside diameter of 7/8-inch with an outside diameter of 32 mm. A mixture of non-metric and metric specifications are common on Land Rovers. Other unique parts that were developed for the 2.8i were the air intake ducts both before and after the Donaldson FPG RadialSeal™ air cleaner,<ref>{{cite web|title=FPG & FPG Alexin™|url=https://www.donaldson.com/en/engine/filters/products/air-intake/cleaners/fpg.html|website=Donaldson Filtration Solutions|access-date=2016-10-06}}</ref> engine mounts, radiator cowl, cooling hoses, fuel lines, clutch lines, air conditioning system, engine wiring, tachometer gauge, exhaust system, and a specially tuned Siemens MS41.0 DME with a Lucas 10AS alarm in place of the Drive Away Protection system (EWS) used on BMWs.<ref name="LAND ROVER / MG ROVER Catalogue">{{cite web|title=Land Rover / MG Rover Catalogue|url=http://www.allbrit.de/NAV.cfm?PAGE=338364&SPRACHE=EN|website=Allbrit|access-date=2016-10-06}}</ref> To compensate for lower torque output in the low range of the power band compared to the V8 and diesel engines, engineers fitted the 2.8i with a 1.667:1 gear ratio LT230 transfer box. This allowed power to be more readily available and made the vehicle particularly well suited for traversing a wide range of difficult terrain such as sand dunes.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cruywagen|first1=Patrick|title=South African BMW 2.8 Defender|url=http://www.landroveraddict.com/land-rover-defender/182/south-african-bmw-2-8-defender|access-date=2016-10-06|publisher=Land Rover Monthly|date=2016-09-27|archive-date=2016-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009112635/http://www.landroveraddict.com/land-rover-defender/182/south-african-bmw-2-8-defender|url-status=dead}}</ref> The high gear ratio also helped the 2.8i sprint from 0–100 km/h in 9.3 seconds, making it the fastest production Defender ever made.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Land Rover Defender 90 County 2.8i|magazine=Car|date=July 1998|pages=95–98|url=http://www.4x4community.co.za/forum/showthread.php/266189-More-info-on-2-8i-Defender?p=3442471#post3442471}}</ref>

The exhaust system for both the 90 and 110 M52 Defender consists of two exhaust manifolds followed by two catalytic converters.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Defender M52 South Africa Parts Catalogue|date=February 1997|publisher=Land Rover South Africa|edition=STC9041FA}}</ref> There is not a version of the exhaust system without catalytic converters.<ref name=":0" /> The two pipes enter the rear silencer and a single pipe exits to the rear to complete the exhaust system.<ref name=":0" /> There are no oxygen sensors present.<ref name=":1" />

There were some major changes made to the 2.8i for the 2000 model year. It received a variety of updates including new instrumentation with new gauges with improved illumination and switches, an updated chassis, and new electrical systems similar to the Td5. It also received an updated cooling system with an aluminium radiator to help solve overheating issues experienced with the older brass radiator,<ref>{{cite web|title=Defender 2.8 (wrong) cowling|url=https://www.4x4community.co.za/forum/showthread.php/103576-2-8-(wrong)-cowling|website=SA 4x4 Community Forum|access-date=2018-08-02}}</ref> and an updated fuel system consisting of nylon fuel lines in favour of steel lines that have a tendency to rust, as well as a new fuel tank, pump, and filter with quick-connect fittings.<ref name="LAND ROVER / MG ROVER Catalogue"/>

BMW South Africa created wiring diagrams for the Defender 2.8i.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Defender Official Defender 2.8i Electrical Troubleshooting Manual|url=https://www.4x4community.co.za/forum/showthread.php/210247-Official-Defender-2-8i-Electrical-Troubleshooting-Manual|access-date=2023-02-21|website=www.4x4community.co.za|language=en}}</ref> The document splits diagrams into two categories as Pre MY99 and MY99. Pre MY99 is for 1999 and older Defenders and MY99 is for 2000 and newer Defenders. 

===Td5 engine===
In 1998, the Defender was fitted with an all-new 2.5-litre, [[Straight-5|five-cylinder]] in-line turbodiesel engine, badged the [[Land Rover engines#Td5 (Engine Codes 15P and 16P)|Td5]]. The Tdi could not meet upcoming [[Euro III]] emissions regulations so the Td5 replaced the Tdi as the only available power unit. The engine used electronic control systems and produced {{convert|122|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} at 4,850 rpm, {{convert|11|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} more than the Tdi, with improved refinement. Traditionalists were critical of the electronic systems deployed throughout the vehicle, but concerns that these would fail when used in extreme conditions proved unfounded.<ref name="The Land Rover File"/>

For the 2002 model year, further refinements were made to the Td5 engine to help it achieve ever-more stringent emission regulations. The "XS" 4x4 was introduced in 2002 as a top-specification level and the "County" package could be applied to every model in the line-up. XS models come with many "luxury" features, such as heated windscreen, heated seats, air conditioning, ABS and traction control and part-leather seats. At the same time, other detail improvements were made including a dash centre console, improved instrument illumination and the availability of front electric windows for the first time on a Defender. The design faults of the two-piece rear 4x4 door were finally eradicated with a one-piece door featuring a rubber weather sealing strip for the rear window.

===L316 model===
[[File:2009 Land Rover Defender 110 Pickup.jpg|thumb|2009 Defender 110 pickup]]
From spring 2007, a series of changes were made to the Defender, most of which were implemented to meet emissions and safety legislation. The biggest change was to the drivetrain. The Td5 engine was replaced by an engine from [[Ford Duratorq engine|Ford's DuraTorq]] line (AKA the Puma engine), built in their factory in [[Dagenham]], making the Td5 the last Land Rover engine to be built in-house at [[Solihull]]. The engine chosen was from the ZSD family, being a version of the 2.4-litre [[Straight-4|four-cylinder]] unit also used in the highly successful [[Ford Transit]]. The engine's lubrication and sealing system was adapted for use in wet, dusty conditions and to maintain lubrication at extreme angles in off-road use. The power level remained the same at {{convert|122|hp|abbr=on}}, but with a lower power peak speed for towing and better acceleration. Torque output rose from {{convert|221|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} to {{convert|265|lbft|Nm|0|abbr=on}} due to the fitting of a variable-geometry [[turbocharger]]. This produced a wider spread of torque than the Td5, from 1,500 rpm to 2,000 rpm. The engine was mated to a new six-speed [[gearbox]]. First gear is lower than the previous gearbox for better low-speed control, whilst the higher sixth gear is intended to reduce noise and fuel consumption at high speeds.

The other major changes were to the interior. The [[dashboard]] layout of the original 110 from 1983 (which was in turn very similar to that used on the Series III from 1971) was replaced with a full-width fascia and different instrumentation. Instruments came from the [[Land Rover Discovery|Discovery 3]], and some of the centre panels come from the [[Ford Transit]]. Whilst some interior fittings from the British Leyland parts bin – some of which dated back to the 1970s – were finally dropped, the steering column switchgear (sourced from the Mk.1 [[Austin Metro]]) and the ignition switch (from the [[Morris Marina]]) were carried over from the previous interior. A new heater and ventilation system improved de-misting and heater performance.

Other interior changes were to the seating layout. Legislation from the [[European Union]] outlaws the inward-facing seats used in the rear of previous Land Rover 4x4s. The 2007 Defender replaced the four inward-facing seats with two forward-facing seats. This made the Defender 90 4x4 a four-seater vehicle (reduced from six or seven), and the Defender 110 4x4 a seven-seater (reduced from nine). This brought the Defender in line with its competitors which have generally used this layout for many years. A new bodystyle was introduced on the 110 4x4 chassis- the "utility". This was a five-door 4x4 body but with the rearmost seats removed and the rear side panels left without windows, producing a five-seater vehicle with a secure, weatherproof load space.

The only external design alterations were minor detail changes. The [[Hood (vehicle)|bonnet]] was reshaped with a pressed bulge to allow the new, taller engine to fit in the engine bay whilst meeting pedestrian safety laws. This also avoided the need to re-design the engine sump to clear the axle. The new dashboard and ventilation system necessitated the removal of the distinctive air vent flaps underneath the windscreen which had been a feature of previous Land Rover utility models since the 1950s. While the flaps were deleted, the bulkhead pressing remained the same, so the outlines of where the flaps would be are still present. Passenger and rear loading doors were re-engineered to reduce corrosion and galvanic reaction. All other panels retained the same shape and styling that is viewed by enthusiasts as "iconic".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://funrover.com/featured/what-makes-a-defender-iconic/|title=Updated: What Makes a Defender Iconic?|website=FunRover|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref>

At the other extreme, basic models are available for commercial users, such as emergency services. The models are sold in over 140 countries. A range of special conversions are available that include hydraulic platforms, fire engines, mobile workshops, ambulances, and breakdown recovery trucks. The 130 remains available with the five-seater HCPU bodystyle as standard.

===2012 updates===
[[File:Land Rover Defender 110 Station Wagon 2016 - front.jpg|thumb|2016 Defender 110 estate]]
In August 2011, Land Rover announced an update of the Defender for the 2012 model year. By this time, Land Rover publicly acknowledged that it was working on a project to produce an all-new replacement for the Defender. This would lead to the unveiling of the first [[Land Rover DC100|DC100]] concept vehicle in September that year. While emissions and safety regulations have threatened the Defender since the early 2000s, these had either been avoided or Land Rover had found ways to modify the vehicle to economically meet the new requirements. However, safety regulations due for introduction in 2015 requiring minimum pedestrian safety standards and the fitment of airbags to commercial vehicles cannot be met without a wholesale redesign of the Defender.

The main change for the 2012 models was the installation of a different engine from the [[Ford Duratorq|Ford Duratorq engine]] range. Ford decided, due to cost reasons, not to modify the 2.4-litre engine introduced in 2007 to meet the upcoming [[European emission standards#Emission standards for light commercial vehicles|Euro V emissions standards]] and so the engine was replaced with the [[Duratorq#2.2|ZSD-422]] engine, essentially a 2.2-litre variant of the same engine. Although smaller than the existing unit the power and torque outputs remained unchanged and the same six-speed gearbox was used as well.<ref name="landrover.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.landrover.com/gb/en/lr/about-land-rover/land-rover-news/new-diesel-engine-powers-the-cleanest-ever-defender-for-2012/|title=New diesel engine powers the cleanest ever Defender for 2012|date=2011-08-12|website=Land Rover|access-date=2018-06-03|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822141618/http://www.landrover.com/gb/en/lr/about-land-rover/land-rover-news/new-diesel-engine-powers-the-cleanest-ever-defender-for-2012/|archive-date=2011-08-22}}</ref> The engine included a [[diesel particulate filter]] for the first time on a Defender. The only other change was the reintroduction of the soft top body style to the general market. This had been a popular option for the [[Land Rover Series]] but by then the introduction of the Defender had been relegated to special order and military buyers only. Land Rover stated that the option was being brought back due to customer feedback.<ref name="landrover.com" /> The last Defender, a soft-top "90" rolled off the Solihull production line at 9:22 on Friday 29 January 2016. The BBC reported that the Defender's replacement was due to be launched in 2018/2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-35436741|title=Land Rover Defender production ends|date=2018-06-03|website=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-03}}</ref>