Editing Language death (section)

==Measuring language vitality==
Except in case of linguicide, languages do not suddenly become extinct; they become moribund as the community of speakers gradually [[Language shift|shifts]] to using other languages. As speakers shift, there are discernible, if subtle, changes in language behavior. These changes in behavior lead to a change of linguistic vitality in the community.  There are a variety of systems that have been proposed for measuring the vitality of a language in a community. One of the earliest is the GIDS (Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale) proposed by [[Joshua Fishman]] in 1991.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fishman |first=Joshua A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ah1QwYzi3c4C |title=Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Assistance to Threatened Languages |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-85359-121-1 |location=Clevedon |language=en}}</ref> A noteworthy publishing milestone in measuring language vitality is an entire issue of ''[[Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development]]'' devoted to the study of ethnolinguistic vitality, Vol. 32.2, 2011, with several authors presenting their own tools for measuring language vitality. A number of other published works on measuring language vitality have been published, prepared by authors with varying situations and applications in mind. These include works by [[Arienne Dwyer]],<ref name=Dwyer2009>{{cite journal |last=Dwyer |first=Arienne M. |title=Tools and techniques for endangered-language assessment and revitalization |url=http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/7109/1/Dwyer2011_AssessRevitalize.pdf |date=October 23–24, 2009 |location=New York |journal=Trace Foundation Lecture Series Proceedings: Preprint |access-date=April 22, 2015}}</ref> Martin Ehala,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pertot |first1=Susanna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HRYLAQAAMAAJ |title=Rights, Promotion and Integration Issues for Minority Languages in Europe |last2=Priestly |first2=Tom |last3=Williams |first3=Colin H. |date=2009 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-20356-3 |location=London |language=en}}</ref> M. Lynne Landwehr,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Landweer |first=M. Lynn |date=2012-03-22 |title=Methods of language endangerment research: a perspective from Melanesia |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0024/pdf?srsltid=AfmBOooxy_uekwHN6cPrMHvAqRuDayZjqeLLQG3pIxpJUb3Wo77ciKYd |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language=en |issue=214 |pages=153–178 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2012-0024 |issn=1613-3668|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Mark Karan,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karan |first=Mark E. |date=March 2011 |title=Understanding and forecasting Ethnolinguistic Vitality |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01434632.2010.541916 |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=137–149 |doi=10.1080/01434632.2010.541916 |issn=0143-4632|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[András Kornai]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kornai |first=András |date=2013-10-22 |title=Digital Language Death |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=8 |issue=10 |pages=e77056 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0077056 |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=3805564 |pmid=24167559|bibcode=2013PLoSO...877056K }}</ref> and Paul Lewis and Gary Simons.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lewis |first1=M. Paul |last2=Simons |first2=Gary F. |date=April 2010 |title=Assessing endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS |url=https://dspace.bcu-iasi.ro/handle/123456789/15355 |journal=Revue roumaine de linguistique |volume=55 |issue=2}}</ref>