Editing Lezgian language (section)

===Cases===
The four grammatical cases are:<ref name="Haspelmath 1993 p 2" />
* [[Absolutive case]] (basic form of the word, no ending): marks the subject of an intransitive verb and the direct object of a transitive sentence. It is also used to mark a nominal predicate (who or what something turns into/becomes) and as a [[vocative case|vocative]].
* [[Ergative case]] (various endings; the most common are: -ди, -a or -е; [-di, -a or e], which are added to the Absolutive): marks the subject of transitive verbs, and the subject of some compound intransitive verbs.
* [[Genitive case]] (ending -н [-n]; added to the Ergative): marks possession. It is also used with the meaning 'of'. The genitive case precedes the noun that it modifies.
* [[Dative case]] (ending -з [-z]; added to the Ergative): usually marks the indirect object of sentences, that is the recipient of an action. It is also used to mark the subject of some verbs (mainly about emotions) and to express a point of time and direction.
* There are fourteen [[Locative case]]s:
** [[Adessive case]] (ending -в [-v]; added to the Ergative): marks the object of some verbs to mean 'by', 'to', 'with'.
** [[Adelative case]] (ending -вай [-vaj]; added to the Ergative): expresses movement from somewhere. It is also used with the verb 'to be able' and to express an accidental action.
** [[Addirective case]] (ending -вди [-vdi]; added to the Ergative): used as an [[instrumental case]], but also sometimes used with its original meaning, 'in the direction of', and more rarely 'near by'.
** The [[Postessive case]] (ending -хъ [-qh]; added to the Ergative): means 'behind', 'at', 'toward', 'in exchange for', and 'with.' In a construction with the verb ава (ava), it expresses possession.
** [[Postelative case]] (ending -хъай [-qhaj]; added to the Ergative): can either mean 'from' or the cause of fear or shame.
** [[Postdirective case]] (ending -хъди [-qhdi]; added to the Ergative): rarely used case, meaning 'toward(s)'.
** [[Subessive case]] (ending -к [-k]; added to the Ergative): means either 'below' or 'participates'.
** [[Subelative case]] (ending -кай [-kaj]; added to the Ergative): means either 'from below', 'from', '(from) against', 'with' or 'out of' (partitive). It is also used to mark Y in the construction 'X becomes out-of-Y' and can express the topic of a sentence ('about') or the cause of emotions.
** [[Subdirective case]] (ending -кди [-kdi]; added to the Ergative): expresses cause (never motion under), and can mean 'because' or 'of' (when in sentences such as 'the man died ''of'' a disease'.
** [[Inessive case]] (endings -а or -е [-a or -e]; added to Absolutive): means 'at', 'in' or 'during/whilst'.
** [[Inelative case]] (endings -ай or -ей [-aj or -ej]; added to Inessive): means 'out of' or 'in return for'.
** [[Superessive case]] (ending -л [-l]; added to the Inessive): means 'on', and also to express the cause of some emotions.
** [[Superelative case]] (ending -лай [-laj]; added to the Inessive): means 'off', 'after' or 'than' (comparison).
** [[Superdirective case]] (ending -лди [-ldi]; added to the Inessive): means 'onto', 'until', 'in' (when followed by an adjective), as an instrumental case (e.g. language) or instructive with abstract nouns.