Editing Lieber Code (section)

==Legacy==
===International law===
In the late 19th century and in the early 20th century, the parties to the [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907]] used the Lieber Code (General Orders No. 100, April 24, 1863) as a basis for their legislation of the international law of war and the codification (definition and description) of what is a [[war crime]] and of what is a [[crime against humanity]]. In the mid 20th century, in the aftermath of the [[Second World War]] (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945), at the war-crime [[Nuremberg Trials]] (20 November 1945 – 1 October 1946) and at the [[Tokyo Trials]] (29 April 1946 – 12 November 1948) the jurists determined that, by the year 1939, most governments in the world knew of the existence the [[law of war]], agreed in Switzerland, and thus most governments knew the legal responsibilities of the [[belligerent]] parties, of [[neutral country|neutral countries]], and of the [[refugees]] from the war.<ref>{{harvnb|Witt|2013}}.{{pageno|date=February 2023}}</ref>

===Philippine–American War===
An abridged version of the Lieber Code was published in ''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies'' (1899).<ref>United States. War Department. ''The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies''. Series 2. '''5'''. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1899, pp. 671–682.</ref> Lieber's son, [[Guido Norman Lieber]], was the [[Judge Advocate General's Corps, U.S. Army|Judge Advocate General]] of the Army (1895–1901), during the [[Spanish–American War]] (April 21 – August 13, 1898) and [[Philippine–American War]] (February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902). The Lieber Code was the military law then applied for courts martial of American military personnel, and for litigation against the Filipino natives and against the Filipino revolutionaries fighting the U.S. occupation of the Philippine Islands; e.g. the unlawful concentration camps of General [[James Franklin Bell#War crimes|J. Franklin Bell]] and war-crime trial of [[Littleton Waller#Philippine–American War and war crimes acquittal|Littleton Waller]].

=== U.S. ''Law of War Manual''===
In 2015, the [[United States Department of Defense]] published its ''Law of War Manual''.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Office of General Counsel, Department of Defense |title=Department of Defense Law War Manual |date=2015 |location=Washington, DC|page=iii |url=http://www.dod.mil/dodgc/images/law_war_manual15.pdf|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Savage |first=Charlie |title= Pentagon Revamps Law of War Manual to Protect Journalists |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 22, 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/us/politics/pentagon-revamps-law-of-war-manual-to-protect-journalists.html?hpw&rref=politics&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0|access-date=July 23, 2016}}</ref> It was updated and revised in July 2023.<ref>{{cite book |publisher=Office of General Counsel, Department of Defense |title=Department of Defense Law of War Manual |date=May 2016 |location=Washington, DC|url=https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2997317-DoD-Law-of-War-Manual-June-2015-Updated-May-2016.html#document/p1/a309613|access-date=23 July 2016|via=DocumentCloud}} or via [https://web.archive.org/web/20160726182707/http://www.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/DoD_Law_of_War_Manual-June_2015_Updated_May_2016.pdf U.S. Department of Defense]</ref> The ''Manual'' explicitly refers to the Lieber Code, and the Lieber Code's influence on the ''Law of War Manual'' is apparent throughout.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/throwback-thursday-lieber-code|title=Throwback Thursday: The Lieber Code|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>